72 SIR B. C. BRODIE ON THE CALCULUS OF CHEMICAL OPERATIONS. 
(10) A unit of monochloracetic acid and two units of ammonia are identical with a 
unit of chloride of ammonium and a unit of glycocoll. 
(11) A unit of succinic acid and two units of pentachloride of phosphorus are 
identical with two units of oxychloride of phosphorus and two units of 
hydrochloric acid and a unit of chloride of succinyl. 
(12) Three units of benzoic aldehyde and two units of ammonia are identical with 
a unit of hydrobenzamide and three units of water. 
(13) Two units of butyric acid and three units of oxygen are identical with two units 
of water and two units of succinic acid. 
(14) A unit of urea and a unit of water and three units of chlorine are identical 
with a unit of carbonic acid, a unit of nitrogen, and six units of hydro- 
chloric acid. 
(15) A unit of urea and two units of nitrous acid are identical with two units of 
nitrogen, a unit of carbonic acid, and three units of water. 
These equations, although true, are “ abnormal,” and cannot be dealt with alge- 
braically. 
In the normal form they appear as follows : — 
2a+F=2«S+l, (1) 
3 + 4 a 2 <p = 6a+a 2 <p 4 , (2) 
§+ a ^ 2 =^ 2 + l, (3) 
aV+a£ 2 =«V/ 3 2 + l, (4) 
1 +a« 5 '| 4 =a*i 2 +^ 2 , (5) 
afj+*i=a#fj 2 + l, (6) 
1 + aVg , =aV+?, (7) 
2 + = 2 a| + aW, (8) 
M+2*=2M+1, (9) 
aVi 2 ^+2a 2 y=a 3 ^+csWf+l, . . (10) 
2 + a V| 4 + 2a 3 (p^ 5 = 2 a 2 <Px 3 ! + 2a^ + aV^ 2 , (11) 
3a 3 « 7 | + 2a 2 y = a 1 V» 21 + 3a| + l, (12) 
2aV| 2 + 3f = 2ag+2aV§ 4 +l, (13) 
3 + a + a| + Sap^ 2 = + av 2 + 6 , (14) 
3 + + 2ay| 2 — 2ay 2 + + 3a^ (15) 
In the preceding examples the equations are rendered “normal” by the arbitrary 
application of a process, proved to be permissible according to the principles of the 
method — this process depending upon the circumstances that the interpretation of any 
chemical function is not (as regards “ weight ” or matter) affected by the addition to it 
