GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF OUR GOLBE, 
475 
in the Cape de Verd ; one in the Isle of Ascension, and 
another in Sandwich Land. This is but an imperfect list, 
probably there are many more than those enumerated ; 
Madagascar is scarcely known, and even the coast line of 
Papua or New Guinea is not yet laid down. Volcanic action, 
as well as volcanoes, are chiefly confined to those lines. 
In 1822, the coast near Valparaiso was elevated several 
feet : passing over the almost constant earthquakes occurring 
along the western coasts of the Americas, and the elevating 
and depressing even of mountains, the years 1867 and 1868 
have evidenced that those disturbances have not ceased or 
diminished in their intensity ; the calamities which befel the 
ill-fated inhabitants of Arica and Iquiqui, as well as on the 
East American line, are yet fresh in the memory. In past days 
Kingston in Jamaica was submerged, and in the present, 
St. Thomas and Tortola have been severely visited ; in fact, 
every line enumerated has, during the last year, been sub- 
jected to earthquakes of greater or less intensity ; in the 
European line Lisbon was destroyed during the last century ; 
in Britain several shocks were felt during the past year. 
The coast of Sweden is gradually rising, whilst probably 
that of Norway, the other end of the plane, is subsiding; 
within the last two or three years a submarine volcano broke 
out in the ocean amongst the Azores. 
In the East African line, a submarine volcano appeared 
in the Grecian Archipelago. Etna, Vesuvius, and Stromboli, 
have been unusually active, and earthquakes have occurred 
in Iceland, and other parts. In Asia, Antioch has always 
been a severe sufferer from such disturbances. In the 
Australian line, the outbreaks of Sumbaya and the fearful 
destruction of life, are well remembered. Volcanic action 
is all but constant amongst the Indian Isles. The same 
may be said of New Zealand, in 1843, 1848, 1855, and 
1868, the disturbances were very great; so also of the 
Philippines, and especially of Japan, and Maunaloa or Ki- 
laua, the activity of the latter within the last year has 
been most wonderful, its lava streams have run into the sea, 
and formed a promontory nearly a mile in length ; in other 
