518 PROFESSOR MARSHALL ON THE BRAIN OF A BUSH WOMAN ; AND 
cealed (near s) within the perpendicular fissure, which accordingly joins superficially 
the fissure of the hippocampi. The upper internal connecting convolution , which in 
the Apes commonly crosses higher up between the occipital and quadrate lobules 
(opposite Q, is, as customary in Man, completely absent ; so that the development of 
these internal connecting convolutions, like that of the external ones, is perfectly 
normal. 
From a general consideration of the above detailed convolutional characters of the 
Bushwoman’s brain, the following conclusions may he announced. 
1. All the primary convolutions which exist in the human brain, viz. the orbital con- 
volutions, the three frontal rows, the two ascending parietal and the parietal lobule, the 
supramarginal with its lobule and the bent convolution, the three external temporal, 
the three occipital rows, those of the island of Reil, the marginal and callosal convolu- 
tions, the quadrate and occipital lobules, and the three internal temporal convolutions, 
are present in the Bushwoman’s brain ; but, as compared with the same parts in the . 
ordinary European brain, they are smaller, and in all cases so much less complicated as 
to be far more easily recognized and distinguished amongst each other. This compa- 
rative simplicity of the Bushwoman’s brain is of course an indication of structural infe- 
riority, and indeed renders it a useful aid in the study of the more complex European 
form. On contrasting the several regions of the cerebrum, the primary convolutions of 
the upper frontal and outer parietal regions are, on the whole, the best developed ; those 
of the middle and lower frontal regions, the temporal region, the central lobes, and the 
inner surface the next ; whilst those of the orbital surface and occipital lobe are the least 
developed. 
2. Of the connecting convolutions, those highly important and significant folds, the 
external connecting convolutions are, in comparison with those of the European brain, 
still more remarkably defective than the primary convolutions. All four of these con- 
volutions are present ; but all are characteristically short, narrow, and simple, instead 
of being complex, and occupying a large space ; hence, though the external perpendicular 
fissure is soon filled up, the parietal and occipital lobes are more easily distinguishable 
from one another than in the European brain. The upper external connecting con- 
volution on the left side does not superficially join the parietal lobule, but sinks beneath 
it and the bent convolution. Of the internal connecting convolutions the arrangement 
is normal. 
The numerous secondary sulci and convolutions, which so complicate the larger ones 
in the European brains, are everywhere decidedly less developed in the Bushwoman — 
but especially so in the occipital and orbital regions, on the bent convolution, and on 
the external connecting convolutions. This is a further sign of structural inferiority. 
3. Compared with the brain of the Hottentot Venus, as that is represented by 
Gratiolet, the Bushwoman’s brain is, in nearly all cases where comparison is possible, a 
little, though a very little, more advanced and complex in its convolutional development — 
the one exception being in regard to the size of the occipital and external connecting 
