542 
PROFESSOR W. TURNER ON THE PLACENTATION OF THE APES. 
epithelial lining (which may perhaps have been shed) I could not say definitely that 
these were gland tubes. 
In Semnopithecus the glands were very distinct and uniformly distributed throughout 
the mucosa. For some distance from the surface the tubes passed almost vertically 
into the substance of the mucosa, so that they were divided longitudinally in the 
sections. The gland tube was constricted into a comparatively narrow neck near its 
mouth, below which it dilated and assumed a flask-shaped form. In the deeper 
parts of the mucosa the glands were more tortuous and branched, and the sections 
through the tubes were oblique and transverse. 
In all the specimens the glands were lined by a columnar epithelium, resembling in 
its characters the epithelium covering the free surface of the mucosa. The cells did 
not occupy the whole transverse diameter of the tube, but left a central lumen. I am 
unable to say if these cells were ciliated, as has been observed by Allen Thomson * 
and Leydig t in the epithelial lining of the uterine glands in the pig, and by Lott | in 
the cow, sheep, rabbit, mouse, and bat. 
In the non-gravid human uterus the utricular glands are elongated and even 
slightly tortuous tubes, which extend from the free surface of the mucpsa in an 
oblique direction throughout its substance, and reach by their closed ends the 
muscularis mucosae. They branch occasionally in their course, and sometimes two 
neighbouring glands join to form a short duct, which opens by a single aperture 
on the free surface of the mucosa. They are lined by a columnar § epithelium, which 
Friedlander and John Williams [| have observed to be ciliated, and which 
resembles the epithelium covering the free surface of the mucosa itself. 
That great changes take place in the mucous membrane of the human uterus during 
pregnancy is well known to anatomists. Not only is the surface epithelium, but the 
subjacent tissue and the utricular glands are modified in an important manner. The 
changes in the glands and inter-glandular tissue were studied many years ago by 
E. H. Weber, IT Dr. Sharpey,** and the late Professor GooDSiR,tt more especially in 
the early stages of gestation. Of late years renewed attention has been given to the 
condition of the glands, particularly in the later stages of gestation, and important 
observations have been recorded by Friedlander, Kolliker,§§ Iyundrat and 
Engelmann,|||| LanghansHIF and Leopold.*** 
* Quain’s ‘ Anatomy,’ 8th edition, vol. ii., p. 466. 
t Muller’s ‘ Archiv,’ 1852, p. 375. J Stricker’s ‘Handbuch:’ Article, “Uterus.” 
§ ‘ Physiologisch-Anatomische Untersuchungen fiber den Uterus,’ Leipzig, 1870. 
|| “ The Structure of the Mucous Membrane of the Uterus,” Obstetrical Journal, 1875. 
Weber’s edition of Hildebrardt’s ‘ Anatomie,’ vol. iv. 
** Baly’s translation of Muller’s ‘ Physiology.’ 
ft ‘ Anatomical and Pathological Observations,’ Edinburgh, 1845, and ‘ Anatomical Memoirs,’ 1868. 
ff Op. cit. §§ ‘ Entwicklungsgeschichte,’ 1st edition, 1861 ; 2nd edition, 1876. 
1111 Stricker’s ‘ Med. Jahrb.,’ 1873. ‘Archiv. fur Anat. und Pliys.,’ 1877, p. 188. 
*** “ Stndien fiber die Uterus-schleimhaut,” ‘ Archiv. fur Gyniikologie,’ 1877. 
