17 
months to a depth of four inches for $21.96 per acre per annum, while 
in plot 5 the land was forked once in three months to a depth 
of four inches ’at a cost of $21.21 per acre per annum. In Plot 6, 
harrowing was conducted twice a month for $7.26 per acre per 
annum. The harrows were first drawn by buffaloes hut Indian 
bullocks were found to be very much cheaper. A couple of bullocks 
can harrow five acres per day of eight hours. The above figures are 
the results obtained in one year, but now the costs of changkolling, 
forking and harrowing are very much less, in some cases about half, 
while surface weeding remains more or less the same. It is usually 
found that as deep tillage is continued the costs become less, for 
a time, until a high class tilth is formed when charges remain about 
the same. 
Artificial fertilizers , — The cost of spreading artificial manures 
varies somewhat according to the quantity applied. Two hundred 
and fifty lbs. of a mixture can be broadcast and slightly covered for 
$1.80 per acre. 
The cost of applying 1,000 lbs. of lime spread around young trees 
and turned under amounts to about $9 per acre, inclusive of labour, 
while one ton broadcast all over the land, and turned under would cost, 
approximately, $23 per acre. A complete mixture consisting of I lb. 
per tree, sulphate of ammonia, 1| lbs. per tree, double super- 
phosphate, 1 lb. per tree, sulphate of potash, and 1,000 lbs. lime per 
acre was applied at a total cost of $28 per acre (November, 1911). 
A dressing of four cwts. Perlis guano cost $8.50 per acre, while 
three cwts. Bone-meal worked out at $13 per acre (November, 
1911). 
Discussion. 
The Chairman (Mr. R. W. Munro) : Here again, gentlemen, we 
see what an extraordinary amount of instructive knowledge we can 
gain from these papers. I think you will all notice how very parti- 
cularly the views of Mr. Spring agree with those of Mr. Vesterdal 
on this subject. Both have, I think, dealt with the subject quite 
independently of each other, and yet both of them agree on the main 
points. One of the greatest points of interest 1 wish to invite 
discussion on is the matter of drainage. We must thank Mr. Spring 
very much indeed for the valuable information he has given us. I 
invite you to discuss this subject for as long as we have time. I 
think Mr. Prior will give us his views on the matter. 
Mr. Prior said that he wished only to mention what had been 
his experiment on Golden Hope Estate in manuring during the last 
18 months, on what was known as “ peat land,” on a plantation 
that had been planted in 1907 and first tapped in 1912. Three 
portions of 10 acres each had been tried with basic*' slag, lime and 
forking, respectively. In 1913 the wdiole field was forked over and 
12 pikuls of lime per acre applied. All plots were tapped during the 
B 
