iii that respect, lu a few days any pair of bullocks will learn to 
walk steadily if attended to by a good eooly. Bullocks walk better 
when dragging the plough in a pole fixed to the shoulder harness 
than when dragging by means of an ordinary rope. 
When ploughing the first time with the small plough one pair 
of bullocks with two coolies were only able to treat three-fourths of 
an acre per day, but with the bigger plough at the second and 
subsequent ploughing# they can do as much as one acre per day. It 
should be mentioned here that the soil is very light, consisting 
chiefly of a sandy loam. 
The cost of ploughing with everything included, wages o coolies, 
bullock food and depreciation on bullocks, and machinery comes to 
abut §2.40 per acre. Harrowing is cheaper, as a team can treat 
four acres per day. The harrow we use is divided into three parts, 
each two feet wide, and this construction makes it possible to treat 
undulating ground better than with a harrow in one piece. The 
harrow is used partly for levelling the ground and partly for 
checking grass in young clearings. In old clearings they are not 
used. 
Out of the 2,200 acres 12 teams usually plough about 300 acres 
per month, and the ground can thus be treated about twice a year, 
The ploughs, going to a depth of about live inches, turn the soil 
so well that the ordinary small kinds of grasses are buried com- 
pletely. On a we 11- cultivated soil such grasses do no harm, they 
help to prevent wash, and they increase the humus iu the soil when 
ploughed down. 
When the talk is about toxins, 1 presume that these are formed 
where the grass cover is kept more permanently, I said before that 
clean weeding is the cheapest, hut the cost where ploughs are used 
does not come to much more. The land must be gone over once a 
mont h to remove obnoxious weeds and small bushes, but the expenses 
incurred by this work, added to the cost of ploughing and harrowing, 
average only about 80 cents per acre per month. 
Where ploughing is commenced before the trees are three years 
old the soil can be treated to within one and a half feet of the rows of the 
trees. Later on it may not be safe to go quite so close, but 1 see no reason 
why ploughing, when started early, should not be continued also 
when the trees grow big, anyhow where thinning is carried out 
judiciously. 
The plough furrows should as far as feasible run across the 
slopes on hills, as otherwise there is the danger that those left open 
when the ploughing is finished will be acting as drains. 
At the first ploughing, and also occasionally at the second, it 
happens that fairly big roots are cut, but 1 have so far seen no bad 
effect from this. 
