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an adequate supply at a good depth may be located. Water can be 
found by digging a few feet below the surface almost anywhere 
but these shallow pits, they cannot be called wells, do not afford 
a safe supply and if dug during the wet season they are apt to fail in 
the dry. All shallow wells, that is wells less than 50 feet in depth 
require most careful protection against pollution by surface washings 
or soakage from cess pits. For the lining of wills concrete cylinders 
should be used rather than brickwork, concrete is less porous than 
brick and the use of concrete cylinders renders any subsequent 
deepening of the well more easy than if brickwork is put in 
as a lining. The greater depth to which the concrete cylinders 
are sunk the less likelihood will there be of contamination 
from the surface. In no case should these cylinders be sunk for 
less than 15 feet. It is not desirable that wells should he close to 
the lines, freedom from contamination must be secured and the 
nearer the well is placed to the lines the more difficult does that 
become. Wells should be far removed from the outfall of line 
drains, latrines, cattle sheds, and rubbish pits. The ground sur- 
rounding the well should be guarded from gross pollution for several 
hundred feet. A pump is a necessity and it is recommended to 
procure it from a reliable firm and to pay a good price for it, cheap 
pumps are quite unsuitable for estate use, they are rarely in work- 
ing order for more than a few months. A light cover should be 
placed over the well, this should not exclude air, it is intended to 
prevent accidental or deliberate fouling of the water. The discharge 
from the pump should be at a distance from the well and should be 
provided with a concrete platform sloping to an impervious drain to 
take away waste water. 
Conservancy a.nd Rubbish Disposal. 
Some system of night-soil disposal is a necessity, labourers must 
not be permitted to fowl the ground by indiscriminate defsecation — a 
habit to which they are accustomed but which they must be broken 
of. This fouling of the soil is a real danger to health, it conduces 
through the agency of house flies to the dissemination of dysentery, 
diarrhoea, typhoid and other complaints. The repeated contamina- 
tion of the soil by faecal matter inevitably tends to the propagation 
of hook worm disease and that disease in conjunction with malaria is 
a grave menace to the efficiency of a labour force. Latrines of what- 
ever type adopted should not be far from the lines, the closer they 
are placed the better, provided of course that where pits or trenches 
are used they are outside the line reserve. Latrines should afford 
plenty of accommodation, those for men and women should be 
separated and sufficient shelter for decency’s sake should be provided 
by the use of screens. Latrines must be roofed over to protect them 
from rain, they should also have drains dug round them to keep out 
storm water. A liberal supply of lime must be used to prevent the 
breeding out of flies. Pit or trench latrines must be placed at a 
