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rice than the main crop ; and in Java, where for one place this 
is done, the embankments are peeled of their turf that it may be 
thrown tinder the plough, or in Travancore, branch- wood is collected 
for the same purpose, or in Japan, special crops of the Leguminosse 
are raised, all of which practices point unmistakably to the need 
of the green manure which weeds give in this Peninsula. In 
Travancore the system of cutting branch-wood became a danger 
to the State, for the hills were being completely denuded ; and 
control liad to be enforced. Under control it would be possible to 
permit it in Malaya. 
Two idee crops per annum means the broadcasting of one: 
and broadcasting is very inferior to transplanting. Transplanting 
of rice, twice repeated, is even beneficial, just as it is to some of 
our garden annuals. But the second rice crop must forego the trans- 
planting ; and it is also the less profitable on account of the larger 
amount of seed that has to be used. 
Crops, other than rice, which are used in the place of the fallow 
are, in Java, generally beans, chillies, ground-nuts, sweet potatoes 
yam- beans and yams : and each gives a certain amount of stems 
useful for green manure. More rarely do the Javanese plant maize, 
sorghum or the smaller millets. Maize is used as a rotation crop 
in the Philippine Islands. Trials of some of these might be made 
in the Malay "Peninsula, demonstration following success ; but to 
bring about any general use seems most unlikely. 
The American farmer cheapens his rice crop by the extensive 
use of machinery, both for sowing and for reaping : and he is forced 
to avoid the valuable transplanting. He has firm subsoif which 
carries the machinery and moreover lie is protected by tariffs. 
All through the East scientific officers are investigating the 
races of rice for their Governments, seeking for the most profitable, 
and finding out the conditions demanded by them. But the work to 
be done is enormous. There is an Indian proverb which says that of 
the races of rice and of Rajputs there is no end. And Nature 
appears to intend to have none : for she crosses rices grown intermixed 
to a small extent. Miller’s machinery, however, demands large 
uniform grain ; and as the mill is by so mucli a more economical 
institution than domestic husking, so it is to be encouraged : and 
the growing of few races within the area served by a mill becomes 
desirable. We have before us then the harmonising of the two needs, 
the grower’s of a prolific return, and the miller’s of a suitable grain. 
I do not know whether we have two hundred or three hundred races 
of rice within our borders, — we certainly have many ; but 1 am 
sure of this that the Malay’s methods of cultivation are not 
consistent enough to tell us which of the races known to him are 
the best: so that I think we have his races to test, as well as the 
larger number that might be brought in from outside. 
