Stachys scopzdorum 
Galium boreale 
Achillea Millefolium 
Solidago canadensis 
Taraxacum dumetorum 
The grasses and perennial herbs make a close turf on the rich soil of 
sandy loam. There is a tangle of grass roots to about 3 or 4 inches below 
the surface, and then a brownish loam to a depth of about 10 inches below 
the surface. A layer about 7 inches thick beneath this has much the same 
texture but not the darkening due to the humus content. The next 7 
inches show an increase in the amount of sand, the remainder above frost- 
line is composed of layers of pure sand crossbedded with clay. In all of 
these layers are occasional living roots of the shrubs and small trees that 
occur as secondary species in the plant cover. There is no indication of 
the former presence of timber. 
The most prominent shrub is the gooseberry Ribes oxyacanthoides. 
It is so common that the Indians have named this region the “ Gooseberry 
Prairie.” Grey willow Salix Bebbiana is the leading representative of the 
shrub layer of the neighbouring poplar and spruce woods, and seems to be 
actively invading the openings. The primary species are not uniform in 
distribution, the two grasses commonly alternating in dominance. The 
gradual transition to the poplar woods is featured by the appearance of 
such characteristic species as Viburnum paucijlorum, Shepherdia canadensis, 
Lonicera glaucescens , and Amelanchier fiorida . The poplar in the woods 
is probably the result of fires, as elsewhere in the timbered areas, and 
once established it has taken the place of spruce as colonizer of the open- 
ings. The bottoms of dry creeks contain a somewhat different flora which 
will be treated in connexion with the 11-mile area where more material 
from it was collected. 
There is a notable difference in the predominating species in the latter 
locality, with the introduction of the sedge Car ex trichocarpa var. aristata 
as a primary species and the reduction of the blue-grass Poa pratensis to 
relative unimportance. The secondary species include all those given in the 
above list, with a few additions that will be given here. 
Primary spp.: Calamagrostis canadensis var. robusta 
Carex trichocarpa var. aristata 
Secondary spp.: Agropyron irachycaulum var. unilaterale 
Koeleria cristata 
Bromus ciliatus 
Carex pratensis 
Potentilla arguta 
Rosa Woodsii 
Heracleum lanatum 
Collomia linearis 
Symphoricarpos occidentalis 
Petasites sagittalus 
The primary species were selected because they were found dominating 
the turf more commonly than others. In a few places nearly pure stands of 
fireweed Epilobium angustifolium, goldenrod Solidago canadensis, brome- 
grass Bromus Pumpellianus, or wheat-grass Agropyron irachycaulum var. 
unilaterale, are to be seen covering small areas. Petasites is limited to the 
