CONTENTS 
Page 
Introduction and historical summary 1 
Topography and soils 7 
Geology and physiography 12 
Climate 14 
Types of vegetation in Wood Buffalo park 18 
The upland forests 20 
Upland lake shore vegetation. 29 
Muskeg vegetation 35 
Semi-open prairie vegetation 41 
Vegetation of the Peace-Athabaska Delta region 62 
Annotated list of flowering plants and ferns 89 
References cited 173 
Illustrations 
Plate — I. A. View of Caribou mountains from prairies at their eastern base. 8 
B. Eastern edge of Caribou Mountain plateau 8 
II. A. View northwest from summit of Ninishith hills at the point where 
Little Buffalo river cuts through them 6 
B. Hay (Prairie) River district, Athabaska-Peace delta 9 
III. A. Jackpine timber ( Pinus Banksiana ) near Pine lake 24 
B. Black spruce ( Picea mariana ) at the margin of a muskeg near Moose 
(Eight) lake 24 
IV. A. Upland spruce timber {Picea glauca ) near Pine lake 25 
B. Aspen timber ( Populus tremuloides) near Pine lake 25 
V. A. Rocky shore of Moose (Eight) lake 30 
B. Steep, sandy sbore of Pine lake 30 
C. Marshy shore of Moose (Eight) lake. 30 
VI. A. Muskeg with shrub cover, near Moose (Eight) lake 36 
B. Muskeg partly timbered with black spruce, eastern edge of Caribou 
Mountain plateau 36 
C. Sink-hole 16 miles east of Moose (Eight) lake 36 
VII. A. Semi-open prairies at base of Caribou mountains 42 
B. Semi-open prairie at Peace point 42 
VIII. A. Salt Plain prairies about 10 miles northwest of the Government Hay 
Camp 44 
B. Saline flats in the Salt Plains near Heart (Raup) lake 44 
IX. A. Granite hills in the delta of Peace river, near the western end of lake 
Athabaska 64 
B. Delta of Cree (Mamawi) creek, near lake Mamawi. 64 
X. A. Stacks of hay from the meadows along Quatre Fourches river, August, 
1930 69 
B. Storm waves eroding alluvial deposits, east shore of lake Mamawi at the 
Government Dog Camp 69 
XI. A. Flood-plain timber of balsam poplar ( Populus lacamahacca) along 
upper Slave river 73 
B. Flood-plain timber of Canada spruce {Picea glauca) along lower Peace 
river at Peace point 73 
XII. A. Local river flood-plain deposit at Peace point 78 
B. Local flood-plain deposit in the channel of Embarras river, showing 
Equisetum, willow, and poplar associations , 78 
XIII. A. Slough vegetation along Murdock creek 81 
B. Hay meadow slough at the Government Hay Camp, Slave river 81 
91963— H 
