72 
Rubas idaeus var. canadensis 
Vicia americana 
Epilo bin m a ng usiij o Hum 
Aralia nudicaulis 
Cornus stolonijera 
Pyrola asarifolia 
Viburnum pauciflorum 
Aster Lindleyanus 
Although this list of secondary species is not complete, it contains those 
that are the most characteristic and shows the trend of the forest toward 
mesophvtism. Young Canada spruces germinate in the shade of the poplars, 
alders, and willows, and gradually occupy larger areas. If undisturbed, 
the dominance of the spruce becomes complete, so that pure stands of it 
are not uncommon along the main rivers. The ground cover in the poplar 
forest is very scanty, containing but few mosses. With the coming of the 
spruce a close mat of mosses is formed, over a relatively thick layer of leaf 
mould. The herbaceous and shrub floras in the spruce are exceedingly scant. 
Viburnum pauciflorum, Rosa acicularis , Shepherdia canadensis , Rubus acau - 
Us, R. pubescens, Equisetum pratense, Maianthemum canadense, Orchis 
rotundifolia, Goodyera repens var, ophioides, Habenaria obtusata, Geo- 
caulon lividum, Mitella nuda, Pyrola secunda, Moneses uniflora, and 
Linnaea borealis var. americana make up the most of this scattered cover. 
Since the combination of spruce and balsam poplar, with the spruce 
often predominating, is the commonest type of timber seen in the deltas, it 
will be listed in more detail. 
Primary spp.: Pice a glmica 
Populus tacamahacca 
Salix Bebbiana 
Viburnum paucifloru in 
Cornus stolonifera 
Secondary spp.: Equisetum pratense 
Maianthemum canadense 
Alnus incana, 
Geocaulon lividum 
Actaea rubra 
Ribes oxyacanthoides 
R. hudsonianum 
R. tyiste 
Mitella nuda 
Rosa acicularis 
Rubus pubescens 
R. idaeus var. canadensis 
Fratjaria glauca 
F. vesca var, americana 
Vicia americana 
Lathirrus ochroleucus 
Astragalus jrigidus var. aviericanus 
Shepherdia canadensis 
Cornus canadensis 
Pyrola asarifolia 
P. asarifolia var. incarnata 
P. secunda 
P. chlorantha 
Moneses uniflora 
Mertensia paniculata 
Galium boreale 
Linnaea borealis var. americana 
Aster Lindleyanus 
