composed of low ridges that decrease in elevation toward the north, and 
have the form of bars. Those nearest the hills are most prominent and 
are largely made of sand. The island nucleus formed an embayment, later 
to become the present meadow, which was finally cut off completely by 
the long, low bars on which the present camp buildings stand. A section 
of the vegetation on these long levees has already been discussed (Figure 
12, A) . The small streams that emptied into the old embayment maintained 
their connexion with the river for a long time after the former was made 
into a slough, one to the south among the hills and the other northward 
around the base of the old bluff. Both of these occupied what was prob- 
ably the last western channel of the river to be cut off as the deposits 
directed its course eastward. The remains of this ancient channel are to 
be seen in the comparatively broad sloughs that lie to the southwest of the 
main one. The northernmost of the small creeks probably still has a slight 
current in it at times of high water, but the other is reduced to a slough 
with its old channel now cut off from the main river by low banks upon 
which is a heavy growth of timber. 
The richest vegetation now found in the Hay Camp lowland is the 
spruce forest on the old bars about the granite hills. It has a rather thick 
mat of mosses and leaf mould and has the scant herbaceous ground flora 
of this type of woods. The association grades off, on younger areas, to 
woods with a greater proportion of poplars and willows, in which spruce 
predominates on the higher of the levee ridges. The meadows themselves 
are well advanced in the process of drying up, and there is practically no 
standing water in them by the latter part of the summer. 
AQUATIC ASSOCIATIONS 
Murdock creek flows in an exceedingly crooked channel through a 
lowland parallel to upper Slave river. It has so little current that vegeta- 
tion whose normal habitat is in quiet ponds has begun to grow in it, particu- 
larly on the lower, inside margins at the curves where the current is slow' 
and depositing a little silt. Deeper water has open associations of the cow- 
lily N y mp hoza n t hus variegatus, and the bur-reed Sparganium angusti- 
folium. Nearer shore are Potamogeton graminem var. graminifolius , Sagit - 
taria cuneata, Polygonum natans, and Hippuris vulgaris . Sagittaiia is 
commonest of these species and in many places is rooted in deep w r ater, 
sending its long, ribbon-like leaves to the surface. 
Although Cree (Mamawi) creek has the form of a flowing stream it 
has no perceptible current. Consequently it has begun to develop a much 
more dense aquatic vegetation which increases toward the upper end of the 
channel. The open w r ater contains pond-weeds such as Potamogeton Rich- 
ardsonii, P. gramineus var. graminifolius, and P. vaginatus. Close to the 
shore are Myriophyllum exalbescens, Sagittaria cuneata, Nymphozanthus 
variegatus, Ranunculus aquatilis var. capillaceus, Polygonum natans, Spar- 
ganium multipedunculatum, and Chara sp. None of these attain any great 
abundance, but occur in patches of individual species or of tw r o or three 
together. There is an abundant plankton flora that has not yet been exam- 
ined. Near the lake the patches of Potamogeton are similar to those in 
the open water off the delta. 
The next stage is to be found in ponds that have no connexion with 
larger bodies of water, and is w^ell illustrated in the abandoned channel 
