86 
Symphoricarpos albus var. pauciflorus 
S. (vaccinoides?) 
Campanula rolundifolia 
Solidago oreophila 
Achillea Millefolium 
Arnica ckionopappa 
Antennaria nitida 
Hieracium canadense 
The chief variations in the jackpine-birch scrub timber occur where 
crevices or depressions are left undisturbed for sufficient time to develop 
a spruce forest, or where clearing and burning have been the rule for a long 
time. The first of these conditions is found in a few places among the 
larger hills along the Quatre Fourches. A moss and humus carpet develops, 
with a rather open stand of spruce and scanty herbaceous flora. On the 
other hand the low “ islands ” in the Lake Mamawi district have been camp- 
sites for generations of hunters and travellers, and have been burned off 
repeatedly. The result is a scrubby aspen timber bringing most of its char- 
acteristic species, or possibly the complete absence of timber with the intro- 
duction of a prairie flora closely allied to that of the river bank at Peace 
point. The small patches of prairie, however, may be a perfectly normal 
growth in this area. There are several hills with small patches of clayey 
soils which have long been used as garden spots, and the prairies are found 
on such of these spots as are undisturbed. 
Changes Caused by Burning and Clearing 
The w'riter has studied no newly burned areas in the lowlands. Gen- 
eral observations indicate that the changes resulting from fire do not differ 
from those in the upland, discussed elsewhere. The timbered areas are most 
affected and return to their normal state very soon or by the introduction 
of stages involving much deciduous woods, chiefly Populus tremuloides 
according to the nature of the fire. 
The cutting of the Calamagrostis meadow around the Government Dog 
Camp on lake Mamawi has simply given the miscellaneous group of plants 
normally found scattered along the willow margins a chance to spread 
abundantly. The camp has not been established long enough for the intro- 
duction of other species. 
Primary sp.: Potentilla Anserina 
Secondary spp.: Urtica gracilis 
Rumex mexicanus 
Anemone canadensis 
Geum macrophyllum var. perincisum 
Mentha canadensis var. glabrata 
Pkysostegia parviflora 
Achillea sibirica 
Aster juncetis 
Erigeron philadelphicus 
Solidago canadensis 
The repeated cutting of the sloughs at the Hay Camp has introduced 
many changes in the meadow vegetation. Large areas have been dominated 
by the tickle-grass Agrostis scabra which is of very little value as hay. 
After a few years the meadows have to be abandoned and new ones cut, 
