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are legion. It supplies abundant firewood and a light, easily worked lumber. 
The Indians have for generations used its readily split wood for the frame- 
work of their canoes, its long fibrous roots for sewing and binding their 
birch-bark canoes and utensils, and its gum for making water-tight seams. 
Trappers, traders, and missionaries found the straight-boled trees ready 
material for building cabins, and in later times have established sawmills 
for the preparation of a local lumber supply. 
Along Quatre Fourches river, No. 103; 30th base line district, Slave 
river, No. 102; Government Hay Camp, Slave river, No. 1526; Fort Smith, 
No. 100; Peace point, No. 1525; Moose (Eight) Lake district, Nos. 1527, 
1528, 1529. 
P. mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. P. nigra Link. Black, or Bog Spruce. 
The most abundant tree in muskeg timber, where it forms dense stands. 
It is rarely observed more than 5 or 6 inches in diameter, and is most 
commonly smaller than this. In Caribou mountains it is associated with 
Pinus contort a var. latijolia on clay hill tops. 
Moose (Eight) Lake district, Nos. 1523, 1524; eastern edge of Caribou 
Mountain plateau, No. 1522. 
Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam Fir. 
Rare in Wood Buffalo park, and apparently confined to the upper delta 
of Athabaska river. It has been reported in the gorge of Little Buffalo 
river (17), but the report has not been confirmed. 
Reed portage, upper Embarras river, No. 1521. 
Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. L. americana Miehx. Tamarack, Larch. 
Common in muskegs throughout the area. The tamarack plays only 
a secondary part in the muskeg timber, and rarely exceeds 8 to 10 inches 
in diameter. It does not appear to be flourishing, and dead trees are very 
commonly seen, although the cause of this has not been determined. 
Pine Lake district, No. 1520; Moose (Eight) Lake district, Nos. 1518, 
1519; base of eastern slope of Caribou mountains, No. 1517; Clewi river, 
Russell , No. 27. 
Pinus contorta Loudon, var. laiifolia Eingelm. P. Murrayana Baltf. P contorta var. 
Murrayana (Balf.) Engekn. Lodgepole Pine. 
Rare in Wood Buffalo park, and apparently confined to the Caribou 
mountains, where it is associated with black spruce on clay hill tops. 
Eastern edge of Caribou Mountain plateau, Nos. 1508, 1509. 
P. Banksiana Lamb. P. divaricata of auth. Jack, or Banksian Pine. 
Abundant on dry sand-plains and on sand and rock hills throughout 
the area. The open, park-like timber of jackpine is characteristic of large 
tracts on the uplands. The trees were producing enormous quantities of 
pollen between the middle and last of June, 1928. 
Near Heart (Raup) lake, No. 1512; Pine Lake district, No. 1511; 
Moose (Eight) Lake district, No. 1510. 
