ANATOMY OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 
471 
If we examine a vertical section of the pylorus, we notice that the epithelium of the 
surface is continued downwards into wide cylindrical tubes (d, fig. 26, Plate 42). These 
tubes divide, at their lower extremity, into two short branches, and into each of these 
short divisions two or three small branching twisted tubes (ct, fig. 26) open from below. 
That part ( d ) of the stomach gland-tubes which is lined by cylindrical epithelium will 
be called the duct. The smaller tubes ( ct ) will be called the proper glands or coiled 
tubes. 
The Epithelium covering the Pyloric end of the Stomach. 
Todd and Bowman (32) thought that when the cells have arrived at maturity the 
granular contents escape “ by a dehiscence or opening of the wall at that part,” “ leaving 
the transparent husk with its nucleus subsisting for some time longer.” The clear 
structureless mucus which occupies the cells and covers the surface “ seems to be altered 
contents ” of the cells. 
F. E. Schulze (98) spoke of the cells as being open above ; he showed that by the 
action of some fluids the contents of the upper part of the cells swell to a very voluminous 
mass. 
Ebstein (95) thought that the cylindrical epithelium has closed ends ; that in digestion 
these cells, owing to extreme mucous metamorphosis, burst, and are then open above. 
I have found that in certain stages of secretion these cells are open ; but if the animal 
has been kept some time without food, the substance of the cell is definitely bordered. 
This can be demonstrated by examination of the stomach of a recently killed rabbit 
which has been kept twenty-four hours without food. The stomach is to be placed in 
five per cent, salt solution for one hour, and then examined in saline solution of three 
quarters per cent. We shall then see that the epithelium is closed. On adding weak 
acetic acid, all the cells pour out a large quantity of semifluid substance and become 
goblet-cells. I must therefore agree with Todd and Bowman (32) and Ebstein (95) in 
considering the cells to be closed; but differ from F. E. Schulze (98) and Bleyer (99), 
who hold that they are always open. 
Germination of the Epithelium . . 
Almost all the phenomena which will be described under this heading are equally 
true for the epithelium of the intestine. They will be described in connexion with the 
stomach, because I first noticed the method of increase in the epithelium of the plicm 
villose, and because the accompanying drawings have been made chiefly from that region. 
(A) If the stomach has been stained in gold and hardened in chromic acid, many of 
the epithelial cells covering the surface will he found to contain nuclei in a state of 
division (see fig. 27, Plate 42)'*. It is noticed that the division does not seem to take 
place according to any strict law, as some of the nuclei are divided transversely, some 
longitudinally, and some obliquely. 
* This preparation is from the colon of the rabbit ; the appearances are very similar to those in the stomach. 
