478 
DE. HEEBEET WATNEY ON THE MINUTE 
reaching down to it, while Brunner’s glands consist of smaller lobes entirely below 
the muscularis mncosa. Finally, the lobes are smaller and more isolated, and then cease. 
In the mucosa, as has been already stated, lymph-follicles are found in varying 
number. They may form almost a continuous chain. The follicles are almost always 
situated above the line of the muscularis mucosa ; occasionally, however, lymphoid 
tissue is met with in the submucosa, but it is very rare. 
A considerable number of animals were examined, in different stages of digestion and 
inanition, to determine whether the follicles are always present. They were always 
present to some degree, but they appeared to be more numerous in those animals which 
had been kept for some time previously on a minimum of food, or had been kept without 
food for two or three days. Lymphoid follicles were occasionally present in the pyloric 
end of the stomach. The stomachs of over forty dogs were examined, and in the greater 
number no follicles were noticed. Whenever in any animal these follicles were present 
in great numbers at the point of union of the stomach and intestine, they were also 
present in the stomach. The follicles in the pyloric end of the stomach are very rarely 
found below the line of the muscularis mucosa. 
Near the point of transition between the stomach and intestine the plicae villosae are 
very short and broad, and the commencing villi are equally short and broad. But while 
there is thus a gradual change, from the villus-like processes of the stomach to the short 
villi of the commencement of the intestine, the change in the tissue is sudden. This 
has already been described, so far as the epithelium is concerned, but it is also true of 
the stroma of the mucosa. Thus, at the point of union of the stomach and intestine, 
we may find two elevations of the mucous membrane, one of which is covered by an 
epithelium, and contains a tissue similar to that found in the plicae villosae ; the other is 
covered by an epithelium, and contains a tissue similar to that found in the villi. 
I have examined other animals besides the dog, for the purpose of ascertaining if it 
be generally true that Brunner’s glands are anatomically continuous with the coiled 
tubes of the stomach. 
The intestine and stomach of the horse have given perhaps the most certain proof 
that this is the case. In that animal the glands of the stomach are much branched, a 
great many coiled tubes leading into one duct. At the commencement of the intestine 
the coiled tubes do not, as in the dog and most other animals, become much increased 
in number, but pass very gradually into Brunner’s glands. The proper tissue of the 
mucosa at the commencement of the intestine is very thin, and consists of minute villi 
and very short Lieberkuhn’s crypts. Further down the intestine the proper tissue of 
the mucous membrane increases in depth, and that part of Brunner’s glands which is 
situated above the line of the muscularis mucosa is diminished; finally, Brunner’s 
glands are only found in the submucosa. These changes are so gradual in this animal 
that it is very easy to trace the different steps. 
In the cat the same arrangement prevails as in the dog, and there are only slight 
differences in the hedgehog and rabbit. 
