ME. J. PEESTWICH ON SUBMAEINE TEMPEEATUEES. 
595 
In 1816 Captain Wauchope made two observations in the Atlantic, a few degrees 
north and south of the equator, at depths of 2880 and 6060 feet, and records tempera- 
tures at those depths of 51° and 42° * * * § . The apparatus he used consisted of “ a series 
of cases, one within the other, having valves opening up so as to allow the water to 
pass through in descending, but which closed in hauling the instrument up. The 
thermometer was enclosed in a glass tube in the centre of it.” Elsewhere he mentions 
that the cases were J of an inch apart, except the outer one, which was ^ an inch, and 
that one was filled with tallow. This was enclosed in a case of wood 1 inch thick. 
The machine was 2 feet high by 10 inches in diameter. The time it took to haul 
up was from twenty minutes to one hour and twenty minutes. After all, as Six’s 
thermometer was used, the correction to be applied is rather that due to pressure than 
to the change of medium. In measuring the depth, Captain Wauchope allowed for the 
angle of the rope from the vertical. 
In 1817, on the occasion of the voyage of the ‘Alceste’ to China, a few experiments 
were made by Clarke ABELf in the shallow waters of the Yellow Sea. No particulars 
of the methods he adopted are given. 
In 1818 attention was again directed in this country to the Arctic seas, and the 
‘ Isabella ’ and ‘ Alexander ’ were despatched to Baffin Bay, under the command of Boss J 
and Parry; and the ‘Dorothea’ and ‘Trent’ to Spitzbergen, under Buchan and 
Franklin §. As many as 72 valuable observations on deep-sea temperatures and 
soundings were made by the several commanders, assisted by Sir Edward Sabine, 
who accompanied Boss, and by Beechey and Fisher, who accompanied Franklin. Some 
of these are recorded in the narratives of the several voyages, and the others are given 
by Dr. Marcet in his well-known paper “ On the Specific Gravity and Temperature of 
Sea Waters” published in 1819 1|. 
Sir John Boss adopted the plan of taking the temperature of a mass of mud or silt 
brought up from the bottom. For this purpose he contrived what he called a deep-sea 
clamm. It consisted of “ a cast iron parallellogram ” 18 inches high by 6 inches wide 
on the outside ; inside 5 X 4 in. It weighed 1 cwt., and would bring up about 6 lbs. 
of mud. By this means, a bottom-temperature generally of 29°5, and in one case, at 
the depth of 6000 feet, as low as 28°"75, was determined in Baffin Bay. This degree 
of cold was generally corroborated by a Six’s thermometer, both instruments appa- 
rently giving the same or nearly the same reading. It was on this occasion that the 
* Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. iv. p. 163. 
f Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy for 1819, vol. xiii. p. 314. 
+ Eoss’s Yoyage of Discovery to Baffin’s Bay in 1818. 2nd edition. London, 1819. Appendix, xi. pp. 234-236. 
Appendix, xiii. p. 250. 
§ Eor a Table of the temperature of the Sea at various depths, taken during Capt. Eeanklin’s Yoyage to 
Spitzbergen with Captain Bxjchan, see Edinburgh Phil. Journal for 1825, vol. xii. p. 233. 
|| Phil. Trans, for 1819, p. 161; Fkanklin, table vi. p. 203 ; Beechey, table vii. p. 203 ; Eishee, table viii. 
p. 203; Pakby, table x. p. 205; Sabine, table xi. p. 205. These are marked ‘ m’ in the Tables. 
MDCCCLXXV. 4 L 
