ME. J. PEESTWICH ON SUBMAEINE TEMPEEATUEES. 
609 
with a valve at each end both opening upwards, so that on going down a column of 
water passed through. On arriving at the depth, and you commence hauling in, these 
valves close, thus cutting off a portion of water at that depth, which was brought up 
and tested for density and its then temperature. Indices read off both from maximum 
and minimum scale and noted. But I have often- found that the maximum index 
shifted, showing a different reading from what it stood at when started. Now whether 
this would affect the minimum side is a question.” 
Captain Pullen thinks not. But there are inequalities in some cases so apparent 
that they can hardly be accounted for, except by a shifting of the index. In one 
instance, in fact, while the thermometer at 7890 feet indicated 41°*, the index, owing 
to rough weather, had shifted to 67° at a depth of 11760 feet. Captain Pullen speaks 
also of some of the instruments being more regular in their indications than others. 
After, however, eliminating those readings, which are evidently too high (marked with 
a ] in Tables), the value of the other observations remains unaffected. 
The Austrian Expedition of the ‘Novara’ in 1857-60 j*, under the command of 
Admiral Yon Wullerstorf, made an extraordinary number of daily meteorological 
observations, from which it is difficult to extract the few scattered notices respecting the 
temperature at depths. Although they amount to 33 in number, they are mostly at 
depths under 1000 feet, and none exceed 1500 feet. They embrace eleven observa- 
tions in the Mediterranean to depths of not more than 760 feet. 
It was apparently on this occasion that the water-bucket was last used. All that is 
said on the subject is that “ for these observations a wooden cylinder furnished with 
valves was generally employed; but an English apparatus has also frequently been made 
use of, which consists of a similarly constructed copper cylinder, with an easily affected 
maximum and minimum thermometer, so that by it water was not only brought up from 
a depth, but also the highest and lowest temperatures of the layers of water through 
which the sounding was made were ascertained.” No other particulars are given, and 
no mention is made in the several observations of which instrument was used. Wul- 
lerstorf’s observations, as I read them, differ so greatly from those of other observers, 
that I can only attribute it to some undetected source of error. The readings seem 
much too high and out of proportion with the others ; but still they have a certain 
value in their comparative temperatures. 
In 1859 Captain KundsonJ made four temperature-soundings between Iceland and 
Greenland, at depths of 1200 to 1800 feet; and in 1861 Dr. Ed. Lenz§ records a 
* In two other cases also the hottom-temperature is recorded as higher than those at lesser depths. 
f Eeise der osterreichischer Eregatten ‘Novara’ urn die Erde in 1857-59. Wien, 1862. Naturw.-phy- 
sikalischer Theil, 139-449. 
+ “ "Voyage of the War Brig ‘ Queen’ from Iceland to Greenland,” in the Papers translated for the Hydro- 
graphic Office, Washington, 1871. 
§ Meteorologische Beohachtungen auf den Atlantischen und Grossen Ocean an den Jahren 1847-49. Angestellt 
von dem Dr. Ed. Levz, berechnet von E. Lenz. Nov. 1861. Bulletin de l’Academie Imp. des Sciences de St. 
Petersbourg, tom. v. p. 129 (1863). 
