4 
GEOLOGY OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
Georgia line in 1821. The commissioners who completed this line at 
the date last mentioned, instead of following their instructions, di- 
verged from the crest of the Smoky (Unaka) mountains at the inter- 
section of the Hiwassee turnpike, and ru® due South to the Georgia- 
line, thereby losing for the State the valuable mining region since known 
as Ducktown. 
And as to the Southern boundary, the point of beginning on Goat Island 
is in latitude 33° 51' 37" as shown by the Coast Survey, and 
instead of running from Goat Island Northwest to latitude of 35° and 
thence along that parallel, it appears from the South Carolina geographical 
State survey of 1821-’25, that the course from the starting point is north 
47° 30' west., and instead of pursuing the parallel of 35, it°, turns 
west about 10 miles south of that line, and then on approaching the Ca- 
tawba river, turns northward pursuing a zig-zag line to the forks of the Ca- 
tawba river, which is about 12 miles north of that parallel ; and from this 
point to the mountains, the boundary line (of 1772) runs, not west, but 
N. 88° W., bringing its western end about 17 miles too far north, an 
reaching the (supposed) parallel of 35° at a distance of about 130 
miles west of the Catawba river. The loss of territory to the State re- 
sulting from these singular deviations is probably between 500 and 1000 
square miles. These lines having been marked only on the trees, (ex- 
cept at a few corners, or road crossings, where stones were set up), have 
been obliterated by time and are for the most part unascertainable, and 
often give rise to interminable litigation. The time seems to have come 
when the boundaries of the State should be ascertained with scientific 
exactness, and marked by some permanent indications. 
Population Statistics . — The census reports of the United States show 
the population to have been, in 1870, 1,071,361. Of this number 678,- 
670 are white, and 392,891 colored. The rate of increase of the popula- 
tion deduced from the data of former census reports, would give about 
50,000 more than the above aggregate ; this number may, therefore, be 
taken as the approximate loss of population attributable to the late 
war. The foreign population numbered, in 1870, onty 3,029 ; about one- 
third of the number being from Germany, one-third from Great Britain 
and Ireland, and the remainder from the following counrties, the number 
contributed by each, varying from more to less in the order in which 
they are given, viz : British America, Switzerland, Trance, Sweden, 
West Indies, Italy, Holland, Austria, Portugal, Kussia, Spain, Denmark, 
Poland, Belgium, Norway, Bohemia, China, Mexico and Hungary. The 
number of persons to a square mile is, in round numbers, 21. The cor- 
responding number for Massachusetts, the most populous State, is 187 ; 
