ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY. 
247 
brought in large quantities to Pittsburgh and the surrounding district of 
Eastern Ohio and Western Pennsylvania, for lining puddling furnaces 
and to mix with poorer ores in the blast-furnaces. 
The titaniferous magnetic ores of the Ottovva region, in Canada, are 
also brought by a long and expensive route to Pittsburgh, to mix with 
Pennsylvania ores. These Canada ores are of the same geological age> 
and of the same mineral character as the Tuscarora ores under considera- 
tion. There cannot be a question that these Tuscarora North Carolina 
■ores will command a high price at the iron works of Eastern Penn- 
sylvania. 
The trial of the ore has been made by Mr. Nathan Rowland, at his 
works in Kensington, Philadelphia. Five tons were forwarded for trial 
as lining to puddling furnaces. Mr. Rowland expressed his opinion that 
it stood up three times as long as the Champlain ore, which he uses for 
that purpose. The difference is due to the superior compactness of titani- 
ferous magnetite over that of pure crystalline magnetite. I believe that 
mining operations here would be successful, if they were entirely con- 
fined to this one branch of the business, so great is the demand for the 
best puddler’s lining ores.” Dr. Lesley says that these ores are “essen- 
tially like those of Northern New Jersey, as to age, situation, consistency 
and general composition,” but unlike in this titaniferous quality. “ The 
New Jersey ores seldom possess this property, and in any case, only in a 
low degree. The Canada ore and the ores of South Sweden hold large 
quantities of titanic acid ; even as much, sometimes, as between 30 and 
40 per cent. A small,-— very minute quantity of titanium in pig iron, is 
believed to add greatly to its value, increasing its hardness and firmness, 
and its ability to stand wear. The Canadian ores were introduced to the 
Pittsburgh iron works for this end.” 
It has been stated above that these titaniferous ores are difficult to 
smelt, “ requiring a much higher heat in the stack to decompose, than 
oxide of iron does.” Rut they labor under another disadvantage, of 
suffering a loss of iron in the process of smelting ; the reason of which is 
that “ the only solvents of the titanic acid are the double silicates of iron 
and lime, or iron and alumina and lime, or iron, potash and lime, &c.” 
And of course the more titanic acid, the greater the waste of iron in the 
slag. These Guildford ores therefore “have the advantage, that, while 
many of the Canada ores hold 25 and 30 and 35 per cent, of titanic 
acid,” those contain less than 14, on an average. And at the same time 
“ they have all the advantage which the presence of titanium affords : 
1st. making the ore so firm that it is the best possible for lining puddling 
furnaces ; 2nd, making the iron tougher and harder, like the best Swe- 
