VEGETABLE CYTOLOGY 
45 
cytoplasmic caps. With the formation of fibers comes a breaking 
down of the nuclear membrane and in consequence the fibers enter 
the nuclear cavity and organize the spindle. Some of the fibers 
become attached to the split chromosomes and push, draw or pull 
them to the equatorial plate, halfway between the poles. Mean- 
while the nucleolus disappears. As the chromosomes line up at the 
equatorial plate their daughter halves are drawn apart in V-shaped 
fashion. The split extends and eventually one daughter-chromo- 
some is drawn to one pole and the remaining half to the other. At 
the respective poles the daughter chromosomes form a dense com- 
pact knot. A cell membrane, composed of material contributed 
largely through the shrinking of the spindle fibers, is now formed 
through the middle of the spindle. This soon splits to form a thin 
vacuole lying between the two membranes (the plasma membranes). 
Presently there appears within the vacuole and between the mem- 
branes a carbohydrate substance. On either side of this deposit the 
plasma membranes form a cellulose membrane. The flattened 
vacuole extends toward the periphery and ultimately a complete 
cell wall is formed. 
The dense compact knots of chromosomes at the poles of the 
spindle, that are to form the daughter-nuclei, now begin to expand 
and clear mesh-like spaces to appear between the expanding threads. 
As this process advances the chromosome substance becomes dis- 
tributed throughout the nuclear cavity. It is soon possible to dis- 
tinguish the chromatin from the linin. Eventually an irregular 
network of linin carrying chromatin granules is formed through the 
area of the nucleus. A nuclear membrane also is formed and the 
nucleolus reappears. The spindle fibers disappear. The daughter- 
nuclei increase in size and each daughter-cell formed by this process 
now assumes the resting stage. 
NON-PROTOPLASMIC CELL CONTENTS 
i. Sugars. — Sugars comprise a group of crystalline substances 
found in the cell sap of many plants either free or in combination 
with glucosides. They may be divided into two main groups: 
monosaccharoses and disaccharoses. To the former belong simple 
