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PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
being well-developed and fertile. In Veronica three stamens are 
entirely absorbed and two only are left as fertile representatives. 
Insertion of Stamens. — As to insertion the stamens may be: 
Hypogynous , when inserted upon the receptacle below the base of 
the pistil. 
Perigynous, when inserted on the calyx or corolla above the base of 
and lateral to the pistil. 
Epigynous, when inserted above the ovary. 
Gynandrous, when inserted upon the pistil, as in Orchids and Aris- 
tolochia. 
Proportions of the Stamens. — The stamens may be of equal length; 
unequal, or of different length. 
Didynamous , when there are two pairs, one longer than the other. 
Example: Snapdragon. 
Tetradynamous , three pairs, two of the same length, the third 
shorter. Example: Mustard. 
Connation of Stamens. — Terms denoting connection between sta- 
mens are: 
Monad el phous (in one brotherhood), coalescence of the filaments 
into a tube. Example: Lobelia. 
Diadelphous (in two brotherhoods), coalescence into two sets. 
Example: Glycyrrhiza. 
Triadel phous, with filaments united into three sets. Example: 
St. John’s Wort. 
Polyadelphous, when there are several sets or branched bundles. 
Example: Orange. 
Syngenesious, when the anthers cohere. Example: Compositce. 
Color of Stamens. — In most species the color of these organs is 
seldom pronounced owing to their delicate structure. It varies 
from greenish-yellow to yellow to white, through pink, pinkish-red, 
red, purple, purple-blue to blue. It is yellow, for instance, in Sassa- 
fras, Cucumber and Golden Club; greenish-yellow, yellow to red in 
Maples; yellow-pink to pink and pinkish-red in some Mallows; in 
Azalea amena the filaments are crimson-purple and the anthers, pur- 
ple-blue; in the genus Scilla both filaments and anthers are blue. 
Gross Structure and Histology of the Filament. — The filament 
may be cylindric as in the Rose, awl-shaped as in Tulip, flat and with 
