164 
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
that has become four-celled at the time of flowering matures into 
four little pieces which split asunder lengthwise. Each split part 
is composed of one-half of a ripened carpel. 
A Cremocarp is the characteristic splitting fruit of the Umbel- 
liferse family. It consists of two inferior akenes or mericarps sepa- 
rated from each other by a forked stalk called a carpophore. These 
mericarps usually cling to the forks of the carpophore for a time 
after the cremocarp splits, but sooner or later fall. 
A Samara is a winged splitting fruit. It may be one-carpelled 
as in the Elm, Ash, Tulip Poplar and Wafer Ash or two-carpelled 
as in the Maples. 
A Lomentum or Loment is a splitting fruit that splits transversely 
into one-seeded portions. Seen in Cruciferce, in Entada scandens, 
Cathartocarpus Fistula, Desmodium, etc. of Leguminosoe. 
III. Achenial Fruits (all indehiscent). — The Akene is a dry one- 
chambered, indehiscent fruit, in which the pericarp is firm and may 
or may not be united with the seed, the style remaining in many 
cases as an agent of dissemination. The latter may be long and 
feathery as in Clematis or be hooked. Examples of akenes: Fruits 
of the Compositce, Anemone, etc. The Hip of the Roses consists of 
a number of akenes in a ripened concave receptacle. 
The Utricle is like the akene, except that the pericarp is loose and 
bladder-like. Example: Chenopodium. 
A Caryopsis or Grain is similar to an akene but differs from it by 
the pericarp being always fused with the seed coat. This fruit is 
more likely than any other to be mistaken for a seed. Examples: 
Wheat, Corn, Barley, Oats and other members of the Graminacece. 
A Nut or Gians is a one-celled, one-seeded fruit with a leathery 
or stony pericarp. Examples: Oaks, Beeches, Chestnuts, Alders 
and Palms. 
IV. Baccate Fruits (Succulent fruits in which the endocarp is 
always succulent and the mesocarp sometimes).- — The Berry is a 
small fleshy fruit with a thin membranous epicarp and a succulent 
interior in which the seeds are imbedded. Examples: Capsicum, 
Tomato, Belladonna, Grape, Currant, etc. 
An Uva is a berry from a superior ovary. Examples: Bella- 
donna, Egg-plant, Tomato. 
