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PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
(the gametophyte) cup-like structures are produced called cupules 
which contain special reproductive bodies called gemma, these being 
able to develop into new gametophytes. The sex organs are of two 
kinds, male and female. The male organs are termed antheridia, 
the female, archegonia. The antheridia are more or less club-shaped, 
somewhat stalked organs consisting of an outer layer of sterile cells 
investing a mass of sperm mother-cells from which are formed the 
spirally curved biciliate antherozoids, or male sexual cells. The 
archegonia are flask-shaped organs consisting of an investing layer 
of sterile cells surrounding an axial row of cells, the neck-canal cells, 
ventral-canal cells and the egg or female sexual cell. Every cell of 
the axial row breaks down in the process of maturation with the 
exception of the egg which remains in the basal portion. Both 
antheridia and archegonia generally arise on special stalks above the 
dorsal surface. After the egg is fertilized by an antherozoid, the 
young embryo resulting grows into a sporogonium (the sporophyte) 
consisting of a stalk portion partly imbedded in the archegonium 
surmounting a sporangium or capsule in which spores are produced. 
When mature the capsule splits open discharging the spores. The 
spores on germination develop into a protonema or filamentous 
outgrowth which later develops the thallus. 
Order i. Marchantiales, including Marchantia and Riccia. 
Order 2. Jungermaniales, the leafy liverworts, including Porella. 
Order 3. Anthocerotales, having the most complex sporophyte 
generations among liverworts, including Anthoceros, and Megaceros. 
SUBDIVISION II.— MUSCI OR MOSSES 
Plants found on the ground, on rocks, trees and in running water. 
Their life histories consist of two generations, gametophyte and sporo- 
phyte similar to the liverworts but differ from liverworts, generally, 
by the ever-present differentiation of the gametophyte body into 
distinct stem and simple leaves, and the formation of the sexual 
organs at the end of an axis of a shoot. They are either monoecious, 
when both kinds of sexual organs are borne on the same plant, or 
dioecious, in which case the antheridia and archegonia arise on differ- 
ent plants. 
