TAXONOMY 
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Pinacece ( Conijerce ) or Pine Family . — Trees or shrubs with resin- 
ous juice whose wood is characterized by being composed largely of 
tracheids with bordered pits. Leaves entire, awl- or needle-shaped 
frequently fascicled, exstipulate, usually evergreen. Flowers, 
monoecious or rarely dioecious, achlamydeous, in cones. Staminate 
cone of a large number of microsporophylls (stamens) closely packed 
together and arranged spirally around a central axis, each stamen 
bearing usually two pollen sacs. Carpellate cone composed of 
Fig. 117. — Inflorescences of the pine. 1, Terminal twig; 2, ovulate cone; 3, 
staminate cone; 4, two-year-old cone. ( Hamaker .) 
spirally arranged scales, each of which bears a pair of naked ovules 
(megasori) near the base of its upper face, or, ovules springing from a 
cupuliform disc. Fruit a cone with woody or fleshy scales ( Pinus , 
Thuja, Abies, Picea, etc.), a galbalus ( Juniperus ) or a drupe composed 
of the thickened and fleshy disc surrounding an erect seed ( Taxus ). 
Seeds albuminous. Embryo with two or more cotyledons. 
