248 
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 
Flowers generally hermaphroditic and borne in spikelets making 
up a spicate inflorescence. Lowest floral leaves of each spilelet are 
called glumes, which are empty and paired. Fruit, a caryopsis or 
grain. Embryo with scutellum. Seeds, albuminous. Seed coat 
fused with fruit coat to form one layer. 
Official drug 
Triticum 
Saccharum 
Maltum 
Amylum 
Zea N.F. 
Part used 
Rhizome and roots 
Refined sugar 
Seed, partially 
germinated and 
dried 
Starch 
Styles and stigmas 
Botanical name 
Agropyron repens 
Saccharum 
officinarum 
Beta vulgaris var. 
Rapa 
and Sorghum sp.? 
Hordeum sativum 
Zea Mays 
Zea Mays 
Habitat 
Europe and Asia 
Tropics 
Germany 
Asia and Africa 
Asia 
Mexico 
Mexico 
II. Order Principes. — Palmacece or Palm Family . — Tropical or sub- 
tropical shrubs, rarely trees, having unbranched trunks which are 
terminated by a crown of leaves, in the axils of which the flowers are 
produced. The leaves are well developed with pinnate or palmate 
blades and a fibrous sheathed clasping petiole. Inflorescence, a 
lateral spathe with small regular flowers. Fruit, either a nut, with 
leathery epicarp, fibrous or cellular mesocarp and thin membranous 
endocarp, or a drupe (Cocoanut) with leathery epicarp, broadly 
fibrous mesocarp and stony endocarp, or a berry as in the Date 
Palm, Phoenix, with membranous epicarp, succulent mesocarp 
and soft succulent endocarp. Seeds, solitary. 
Official drug 
Sabal 
Unofficial 
Dragon’s Blood 
Cocoanut oil 
Carnauba wax 
Areca nut 
Part used 
Fruit (drupe) 
Inspissated juice 
Fixed oil 
Wax from leaves 
Seed 
Fixed oil 
Botanical name 
Serenoa serrulata 
Calamus Draco 
Cocos nucifera 
Copernicia cerifera 
Areca Catechu 
Elaeis guineensis 
Habitat 
South Carolina to 
Florida 
East Indies 
T ropics 
Brazil 
Asia and East 
Indies I 
West Africa 
Palm oil 
