N. 0. BURIAOEjE. 
649 
Vern — Mainp’hal, manyul, karhar, arar(H.); Menphal (B.) ; 
Mindla, mandkolla, mindkal, mendpbal (Pb.) ; Gundrow (Mar.); 
Mindhal (Guz.) ; Maidal, amuki (Nepal) ; Panji (Lepcha) ; Patiree 
(Uriya); Madu-karray, marukkallan-kay (Tam.); Mangha (Tel.) ; 
Kare (Kan.). 
Habitat : — Subtropical Himalaya, from Jammu eastwards to 
Sikkim ; and thence southwards to Chittagong, and the Western 
Peninsula (not recorded from Assam, the Khasia Mountains, 
Silhet or the Eastern Peninsula). 
A deciduous, thorny shrub or small tree, armed with stout 
axillary spines, 1-1 ^in. or l-2in. long. Bark grey. Wood 
white or light-brown, compact, hard, close and even-grained. 
Branches horizontal, rigid, many of the lateral ones suppressed, 
and very short spines in opposite pair coming off immediately 
above branchlets, horizontal, woody, strong, very sharp. Leaves 
usually fasciculate on the suppressed branchlets, nearly sessile, 
l-2in. long, obovate, oval or spathulate, tapering to base, 
obtuse, apiculate, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, thin, reticulate 
veined. Stipules acuminate. Flowers lin. diam., 1-3 at ends 
of suppressed branchlets. Pedicels short. Calyx-limb broadly 
tubular, from nearly glabrous to very hairy ; segments leafy, 
ovate, acute, imbricate, glabrous, or slightly hairy. Corolla 
hairy outside ; tube as long as the Calyx ; lobes rounded, 
spreading. Fruit globose or broadly ovoid, about lin., crowned 
with large Calyx-limb, pilose, yellow, 2-celled ; pericarp thick. 
Seeds flat, surrounded with gelatinous pulp: Flowers yellowish- 
white, yellow, says Brandis. 
Parts used : — The bark, rind and fruit. 
Uses : — The fruit is described by Sanskrit writers as the best 
and safest of emetics. One ripe fruit is said to be a sufficient 
dose ; emesis is generally promoted by a drink containing 
bitters and aromatics. 
Mahomedan writers describe it as an emetic which expels 
bile and phlegm, at the same time acting as an aperient ; it 
should be administered with aromatics and honey (Dymock’. 
Externally applied, it acts as an anodyne in rheumatism 
(Stewart). 
