N. 0. OLEAOEjE. 
769 
741. F. excelsior, Linn, h.f.b.i-., m. 606. 
Vern . : — Sum ; Kum (Pb.). 
Habitat : — Temperate West Himalaya and Western Tibet, 
Kashmir hills. 
A large tree, thick grey bark. Wood white, moderately 
hard. Leaves opposite, unequally pinnate. Leaflets 2-5 pair, 
all sessile or nearly so; 4 by lfin., elliptic, acuminate, serrate, 
midrib beneath glabrous or minutely pubescent. Flowers 
in short racemes, fascicled near tips of the branches, appearing 
before the leaves. Male and hermaphrodite alike without 
perianth. Calyx in all flowers obsolete. Filaments very short. 
Racemes in fruit l-6in., pendulous, pedicels ^in. Samaras 
If by ^-iin., narrowed gradually to both the obtuse ends. 
Uses : — A small quantity of saccharine matter exudes on 
incision from its bark. This only constitutes, however, a very 
small part of the Manna of European commerce, and does not 
appear to be used in India at all. 
The bark is bitter and astringent, and was at one time, 
though very undeservedly, called European cinchona. 
The leaves are purgative (Watt). 
Transverse incision from the stems of this and other species 
of Frakinus, yields a concrete saccharine exudation, called 
Manna. Manna is a mild laxative, useful for children and 
delicate females, given in hot milk or in combination with other 
purgatives. 
742. Olea cuspidata, Wall, ii.f.b.i., iii. 611. 
Vern. : — IChwan ; Shwan (Trans-Indus) ; Zaitiin (Afg.) ; Ko 
Kohu ; Kao; Kan (Pb.) ; Kan (H.) ; Khan (Sind.); Khwan ; 
Shwan (Baluch.). 
Habitat : Fairly common, N.-W. Himalaya. Delira, Jaunsur. 
Cabul, Baluchistan, south Suleman Range. 
A moderate-sized, deciduous tree, 30ft., glabrous, not spinous. 
Bark grey, thin, smooth, when young, when old exfoliating in long 
narrow strips. Wood very hard, smooth, close and even-grained ; 
sapwood whitish ; heartwood large, regularly shaped, from light- 
97 ’ 
