PART L 
PLANT MORPHOLOGY 
CHAPTER I: THE CELL. 
A. INTRODUCTORY. 
Upon making a section of any of the flowering 
plants 1 and examining it by means of the microscope, 
it will be found to consist of a number of compart- 
ments, or cells, as they were first termed by Robert 
Hooke, in 1667. While they were more or less care- 
fully studied by Malpighi and other investigators, it 
was not, however, until 1838 and 1839 that Schleiden 
and Schwann, respectively, demonstrated that the tis- 
sues of both plants and animals are made up of these 
units. 
A normal living cell may be said to consist of a wall 
and contents, although in some of the lower orders of 
plants the wall may be wanting. The wall, as well as 
the contents of the cell, consists of a number of sub- 
stances, and because of the primary importance of the 
cell-contents in the development of the plant, their 
nature and composition will be considered first. 
1 The flowering plants, or Phanerogams, are those plants which 
produce true seeds; they are divided into two main groups : (1) 
Angiosperms and (2) Gymnosperms. 
The Angiosperms embrace those plants in which the seeds are 
enclosed in a covering, or ovary, and which produce what are gen- 
erally known as flowers. 
The Gymnosperms include those plants in which the seeds are 
situated at the base of flattened scales. All the cone-bearing 
plants, as pines, hemlocks, etc., belong to this group. 
(9) 
