THE FLOWER. 
83 
developments upon the back of the anther; in the 
violets the two stamens that project into the spurred 
petal are also spurred and secrete a nectar ; in the 
Asclepiadaceae the anthers possess wing-like append- 
ages, each sack or division of which contains a pear- 
shaped coherent mass of pollen grains, and these are 
connected with the stigma in pairs. 
3. THE PISTIL. 
The pistil being considered in the nature of a modi- 
fied leaf, the term carpel or carpophyl has also been 
applied to it; and the aggregate of pistils or carpels 
in a flower constitute the gynoecium. According as ‘the 
gynoecium consists of one, two, three or many carpels, 
it is said to be monocarpel 1 ary dicarpellary, tricarpel- 
lary or polycarpellary. When the carpels are separated 
from one another, as in the buttercups, or cherry blos- 
soms, the gynoecium is said to be “ simple ” or apocar- 
pous. When the carpels cohere, as in the orange flower, 
the gynoecium is spoken of as being “ compound ” or 
8yncarpous. 
The pistil of the flower of the pea consists of an 
elongated ovary, a short style and a stigma; upon dis- 
secting the ovary and also making a transverse section 
of it, it is observed that the ovules are borne upon the 
edge or part which projects into the cavity, and this 
part is known as the placenta, the united margins of the 
carpel forming the “ inner ” or ventral suture. When the 
gynoecium consists of a number of carpels, the ventral 
suture is directed toward the axis of the flower; in 
some cases that portion of the carpel corresponding to 
the midrib is very prominent, as in the Papilionaceae, 
and has received the name of “ outer” or dorsal suture. 
There are as many cavities or cells in the ovary as 
there are carpels, and the walls or partitions between 
