ROOTS AND RHIZOMES. 
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hyoscyamine and atropine, which together amount to 
02 to 0'6 per cent., the proportions of these varying 
according to the age of the root, the hyoscyamine, 
however, usually being in excess. The atropine appears 
to be derived from its isomer hyoscyamine and not to 
pre-exist in the root; a small amount of scopolamine 
(hyoscine) is also present. Other alkaloids, as bella- 
donnine, apoatropine, etc., have been isolated, but they 
appear to be decomposition products of hyoscyamine. 
Allied Products. — The rhizome of Scopola Carnio- 
lica (Fam. Solanacese), a perennial herb indigenous to 
Austro-Hungary and the surrounding countries, is 
sometimes admixed with, and substituted for, bella- 
donna root. As it occurs in commerce, the rhizome 
is usually split into longitudinal pieces, the entire 
rhizome being oblique, nearly cylindrical, somewhat 
tortuous, 5 to 12 cm. long, 5 to 15 mm. in diam- 
eter; externally light brown, longitudinally wrinkled, 
slightly annulate, upper surface with numerous circu- 
lar overground stem-scars, 3 to 7 mm. in diameter, 
under portion with numerous root-scars and root-rem- 
nants; fracture short; internally very light brown, cell 
contents like those of belladonna root; closely resem- 
bling belladonna root also in odor and taste. 
LAPPA (Burdock). 
The root of Arctium Lappa and of other species of 
Arctium (Fam. Compositse), biennial herbs indigenous 
to Europe and Northern Asia, and naturalized in waste 
places in the United States and Canada. The root 
is collected in autumn from plants of the first year’s 
growth, and carefully dried. 
Description. — Nearly cylindrical, slightly tapering, 
or broken and split longitudinally into pieces, 10 to 
20 cm. long, 5 to 20 mm. in diameter ; externally, bark 
