166 
PHARMA GOGNOS Y. 
Description. — Red Cinchona. — Usually in double 
quills or rolled pieces cut into lengths from 25 to 
40 cm. long, 15 to 20 mm. in diameter, bark 2 to 
5 mm. thick; outer surface reddish or dark brown, 
with grayish patches of foliaceous lichens, longitudi- 
nally wrinkled, with few usually distant transverse 
fissures ; inner surface reddish brown, distinctly stri- 
ate ; fracture smooth in periderm, in inner bark with 
projecting bast fibers; odor distinct; taste bitter, 
astringent. 
Calisaya Bark. — Gray or brownish gray, with numer- 
ous patches of foliaceous lichens, with brownish- black 
and reddish-brown apotbecia and numerous transverse 
fissures, giving the bark a very characteristic appear- 
ance. 
The trunk bark is comparatively thick, and renewed 
bark is comparatively smooth and uniform in color. 
Constituents. — A large number of alkaloids have 
been isolated from this drug, of which the most impor- 
tant are quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cinchoni- 
dine. The other constituents include an amorphous 
glucoside quinovin, which is very bitter; cinchotannic 
acid ; quinic or kinic acid ; starch ; calcium oxalate, and 
about 3 per cent, of ash. The total alkaloids amount 
to about 6 or 7 per cent., of which from one-half to 
two-thirds is quinine in the yellow barks, whereas, in 
the red barks, cinchonidine exists in greater propor- 
tion. 
FRANGULA (Alder Buckthorn Bark). 
The dried bark of the stem and branches of Rham- 
nus frangula (Fam. Rhamnaceai), a shrub indigenous to 
Europe and Northern Asia. The bark is collected in 
spring and kept at least one year before being used, so 
as to render inert the emetic principles. The applica- 
