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PHARMACOGNOSY. 
light brown, coarsely striate longitudinally ; fracture 
short, fibrous, surface light brown, with oblique radiate 
wedges of bast ; odor slight ; taste astringent. 
Constituents. — Tannin 10 to 15 per cent.; gallic 
acid about 0'4 per cent. ; a bitter, crystalline glucoside 
villosin, somewhat resembling saponin, about 0'8 per 
cent.; starch ; calcium oxalate ; ash about 3 per cent. 
EUONYMUS (Walioo Bark). 
The dried bark of the root of Euonymus otropurpu- 
reus (Fam. Celastracese), a shrub indigenous to the 
Central and Eastern United States and Labrador. 
Description. — Usually in transversely curved pieces, 
occasionally in single quills, 3 to 7 cm. long, 0'5 
to 1*5 cm. in diameter, bark 0'5 to 1 mm. thick; 
very light; outer surface light brown, somewhat 
wrinkled, with scaly patches of soft bark, few lenti- 
cels, root-scars and adhering roots, which frequently 
perforate the bark; inner surface light brown, longi- 
tudinally striate, somewhat porous, occasionally with 
small pieces of yellow T wood adhering ; fracture short, 
with silky projecting modified bast fibers, cork light 
brown, inner and middle bark somewhat tangentially 
striate and with irregular dark-browm bast areas; odor 
faint ; taste bitter, acrid. 
Constituents. — An amorphous, bitter principle eu- 
onymin ; a crystalline glucoside resembling digitalin 
in its action ; another glucoside atropurpurin, resem- 
bling dulcite; several resins; fixed oil ; several organic 
acids ; starch and calcium oxalate. 
VIBURNUM OPURUS (Cramp Bark). 
The dried bark of the stem and branches of Vibur- 
num Opulus (Fam. Caprifoliacese), a shrub indigenous 
to the Northern United States and Southern Canada, 
