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PHARMACOGNOSY. 
even ; inner surface light brown, finely striate longi- 
tudinally, with numerous acicular crystals, phelloderm 
layer dark green, inner bark with groups of converg- 
ing medullary rays ; odor slight; taste bitter, acrid and 
pungent. 
Southern Prickly Ash. — Transversely curved or irregu- 
larly oblong flattened pieces, occasionally in single 
quills 5 to 30 cm. long, 1 to 7 cm. in diameter, 1 to 4 
mm. thick ; outer surface with numerous conical corky 
wings or their scars; inner surface free from acicular 
crystals. 
Constituents. — Two resins, one acrid, the other crys- 
talline and bitter; an acrid volatile oil ; a bitter, alka- 
loidal principle, somewhat resembling berberine, and 
apparently different in the two species ; tannin ; starch ; 
ash about 12 per cent. 
GRAN ATU.M (Pomegranate). 
The dried bark of the root and stem of Punica Grana- 
tum (Fam. Punicaceie), a shrub indigenous to North- 
western India, and cultivated in the subtropical regions 
of the Old World. 
Description. — Stem Bark. — Usually in transversely 
curved pieces, occasionally in single quills, 2 to 8 cm. 
long, 5 to 20 mm. in diameter, bark 0'5 to 2 mm. thick ; 
outer surface yellowish brown, with grayish patches of 
foliaceous lichens, brownish-black apothecia and small 
lenticels, longitudinally wrinkled; inner surface light 
yellow or yellowish brown, finely striate, smooth ; frac- 
ture short, smooth, phelloderm layer dark green, inner 
bark light brown, somewhat checkered; odor slight; 
taste astringent. 
Root Bark. — Dark brown, with slight longitudinal 
patches and scales of cork, green phelloderm layer want- 
ing, medullary rays extending nearly to the outer layer. 
