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PHARMACOGNOSY. 
orders, representatives of all of which are found in the 
United States. They are (1) the Filicales, which in- 
clude the ferns ; (2) the Salviniales ; (3) the Equisetales, 
which include the horsetails or scouring rushes, and 
(4) the Lycopodiales, which include the club-mosses or 
Lycopodiums. 
LYCOPODIUM. 
The spores of Lycopodium clavatum, and of other 
species of Lycopodium (Fam. Lycopodiaceie), moss-like 
perennial herbs indigenous to Europe, Asia, North 
America and Central America. The spores are ob- 
tained from the ripened cones by shaking the fruiting 
tops, and the extraneous matter removed by sieving. 
The principal sources of supply of Lycopodium are 
Germany, Russia and Switzerland. 
Description. — A light-yellow, very mobile powder, 
nearly inodorous and tasteless, floating upon water and 
not wetted by it, but sinking on being boiled with it, 
and burning quickly when thrown into a flame. 
Spores tetrahedral, from 25 to 40 y in diameter, with 
one convex side, the surface being delicately reticulate. 
Constituents. — Fixed oil about 50 per cent.; traces 
of a volatile alkaloid ; cane sugar about 2 per cent.; 
ash 4 to 5 per cent. 
Adulterants. — Lycopodium is sometimes admixed 
with pine pollen, starchy materials, and various inor- 
ganic substances, as sulphur, talc and gypsum. 
ASPIDIUM (Male Fern). 
The rhizome and stipes of Dryopteris ( Aspidium ) 
Filix-mas, and Dryopteris ( Aspidium ) marginalis (Fam. 
Polypodiacese), perennials, of which D. Filix-mas is 
more widely distributed, being indigenous to Europe, 
Asia, North America, west of the Rocky Mountains, 
and in the Andes of South America; D. marginalis 
