286 
PHARMACOGNOSY. 
starch ; calcium oxalate in raphides 20 to 40 p long ; 
starch grains ellipsoidal, 4 to 14 /i in diameter, single 
or two to four-compound. In Carthagena ipecac the 
starch grains are uniformly larger, 4 to 15 // in diam- 
eter. 
46. PhytolaccaB Radix. — Dark yellow ; sternutatory ; 
fragments with long sclerenchymatous fibers and 
large scalariform ducts ; starch grains somewhat spher- 
ical, 7 to 18 /i in diameter; calcium oxalate in raph- 
ides 30 p long or in cryptocrystalline crystals. 
47. Veratrum Viride. — Yellowish brown ; sternutatory ; 
ducts slightly lignified, scalariform or reticulate ; 
sclerenchymatous fibers thin-walled, narrow, slightly 
lignified; calcium oxalate in raphides 45 p long; starch 
grains nearly ellipsoidal, 7 to 20 p in diameter, point 
of origin of growth circular or slightly cleft, grains 
single or two to three-compound ; endodermal cells 
thickened on the inner tangential wall. 
h. Calcium Oxalate Wanting 1 , 
a STONE CELLS PRESENT. 
48. Calumba. — Bright yellow ; stone cells containing 
one or more monoclinic prismatic crystals of calcium 
oxalate ; starch grains single, irregular, 25 to 35 p long, 
with excentral and distinct lamellae. 
p STONE CELLS WANTING. 
1. STARCH GRAINS 15 TO 30 IN DIAMETER. 
49. Zingiber. — Light yellow ; starch grains ellipsoidal 
or somewhat ovoid, slightly beaked, 15 to 30 p in 
diameter ; secretion cells with suberized walls and yel- 
lowish-oily contents ; ducts large, thin-walled, annular 
or reticulate ; sclerenchymatous fibers long, thin-walled, 
with oblique pores. The powder of African Ginger is 
dark yellow or dark brown, more aromatic and pun- 
gent and has numerous fragments of cork. 
