296 
PHARMA COONOSY. 
cells with suberized walls ; contents of parenchymatous 
cells colored ruby-red by a strong alcoholic solution of 
vanillin and hydrochloric acid. The powder of the 
peeled rhizome is less aromatic, and cells of epidermis 
and cork, and crystal fibers are wanting. 
98. Ulmus. — Light brown ; bast fibers thin- walled, 
non - lignified ; crystal fibers containing monoclinic 
prisms of calcium oxalate 10 to 25 //. in diameter ; 
starch grains spherical, 5 to 10 n in diameter. 
8 CALCIUM OXALATE IN RAPHIDES. 
1. RAPHIDES NOT MORE THAN lO M LONG. 
99. Cinnamomum (Saigon). — Dark brown; bast fibers 
much thickened ; stone cells nearly isodiametric, more or 
less thickened, with numerous pores; calcium oxalate 
in raphides about 5 jj. long; starch grains somewhat 
spherical, 7 to 15 p. in diameter, single or two to four- 
compound; parenchyma with irregular tannin masses; 
oil-secretion cells. Cassia Cinnamon has fewer cork 
cells and more sclerenchymatous cells and fibers. 
Ceylon Cinnamon has no cork cells and the stone cells 
are more elongated, irregular in outline and unevenly 
thickened. 
100. Sarsaparilla. — Dark brown ; sclerenchymatous 
fibers very thick- walled, somewhat lignified; ducts large, 
strongly lignified, scalariform, reticulate, and with 
simple pores ; the walls of endodermis and bypodermis 
evenly thickened ; starch grains somewhat spherical, 
7 to 20 p. in diameter, single or two to four-compound ; 
calcium oxalate in raphides 6 to 8 p long. Distin- 
guished from American Sarsaparilla, yielded by Aralia 
nndicaulis, in that the latter has rosette-shaped crystals 
of calcium oxalate 35 to 80 p in diameter. 
2 . RAPHIDES 40 TO 45 /i LONG. 
101. Convallaria. — Dark brown; calcium oxalate in 
raphides about 45 a 4 long; starch grains somewhat 
