298 
PHARMA CO GNOS Y. 
with simple pores; sclerenchymatous fibers narrow, 
thick-walled, with numerous simple pores ; starch 
grains nearly spherical, 2 to 4 p in diameter; paren- 
chymatous cells nearly isodiametric or elongated, con- 
taining starch grains and a brownish-black pigment. 
109. Spigelia. — Brownish black ; ducts few, lignified, 
spiral or with simple pores ; sclerenchymatous fibers 
long, narrow, lignified, with simple, oblique pores; 
starch grains spherical, about 4 // in diameter. 
tf Starch Grains 5 to 15 or 20 ft in Diameter. 
110. Apocynum. — Dark brown; sclerenchymatous 
fibers numerous ; fragments of laticiferous vessels yel- 
lowish ; starch grains somewhat spherical, 7 to 15 /x in 
diameter. In Apocynum androssemifolium small groups 
of stone cells occur. 
111. Convallaria. — (See No. 101.) 
112. Sarsaparilla. — (See No. 100.) 
113. Sumbul. — Dark brown ; sclerenchymatous fibere 
numerous, narrow and lignified; ducts short, lignified, 
scalariform, or with simple or bordered pores; oil and 
resin-secretion reservoirs; starch grains nearly spheri 
cal, 4 to 15 p in diameter. 
114. Valeriana. — Brownish black ; ducts strongly lig- 
nified, scalariform or with simple pores; sclerenchy- 
matous fibers thin-walled, more or less lignified, with 
numerous simple pores; starch grains nearly spherical, 
7 to 15 p in diameter; stone cells nearly isodiametric, 
with very thick walls and numerous simple pores. 
** DUCTS FEW OR NONE. 
115. Cinchona. — Light brown; bast fibers spindle- 
shaped, thick-walled, strongly lignified, with numer- 
ous simple pores ; starch grains nearly spherical, 4 to 
12 p in diameter ; parenchymatous cells with reddish- 
brown tannin masses. 
