APPENDIX. 
SOME NOTES ON SEEDS AND FRUITS, OF MORE OR LESS INTEREST 
TO THE FORESTER. 
1. These terms are very commonly in use, and the vernacular uses are not 
always the same as the botanical uses. It will be time well spent to endeavour to see 
what the words mean. 
2. The seed is a fertilised and ripened ovule. (The contained embryo, the 
future plant, is usually well developed when the seed ripens). 
3. In commerce " Grass seed " is composed of a piece of rachilla, with 
flowering glume and pale attached. 
In the Umbelliferae (Carrot, &c., Family), the fruit is a Cremocarp, but it 
usually goes under the name of seed, e.g., Caraway seed. In ordinary language, a 
seed is that which is sown, whether it be botanically a fruit, or botanically more 
than the seed. 
In the Composite we sow the fruit of such plants as Asters, Marigolds, 
Zinnias. 
4. The fruit is the ripened ovary of the seed-plant and its contents. 
(Incidentally it is made to include such adjacent tissues as may be inseparably 
connected with it.) 
5. A pistil is (usually, not always) differentiated into three different parts. : 
(a) A lower swollen portion called the ovary. 
(b) A neck-like portion termed the style. 
(c) The top of the style, which is called the stigma. 
6. A single pistil is termed a carpel. 
In a particular flower there may be one or more carpels, and the aggregate in 
a flower is termed the gyncecium. 
There are names for such flowers according as the gynsecium consists of one, 
two, three, or many carpels. These names are monocarpellary, dicarpellary, tricar- 
pellary, or polycarpellary. 
7. Each carpel may contain one or more small bodies called ovules. 
8. Syncarpous gyncecium and fruit. When a gynsecium contains more than one 
carpel, and its carpels cohere to form a single body, it is said to be syncarpous. This 
cohesion consists of the fusion of the walls of the carpels, and often extends to the 
remainder (including styles and stigmas). 
When the carpels remain distinct, the term apocarpous is employed. 
These terms are also applied to the fruits, so that we may have a syncarpous 
fruit (e"x. Orange, Passion-fruit), or an apocarpous fruit (ex. Garden-pea, Dog-rose). 
