26 
The Spanish or Sweet Chestnut. Fruit a one-seeded nut, the cupule prickly 
and bursting into valves. 
An achene is a one-seeded fruit where the pericarp is leathery and non-adherent 
to the testa. Such fruits are frequently mistaken for seeds, but may commonly be 
distinguished by the remains of the style upon their surface. 
Examples are : 
Buttercup ; Clematis (with long plumose tails) ; the fruits of Composite (Daisy 
Family) generally. The achenes of Composite may be surmounted by a 
large feathery pappus (Black Thistle) ; or consist of small scales (Sunflower). 
In Bidens, " Pitchforks," we have a pappus of rigid, retiorsely hispid 
bristles. The pappus is somewhat similar in Calotis (Bindi-eye). 
The Strawberry consists of a fleshy receptacle, and dotted over the surface are 
small so-called " seeds " ; these are examples of achenes, but the strawberry iteelf 
belongs of course to the category of fleshy fruits. 
The mature fruit of a Rose resembles a tiny apple, but a vertical cut through 
it shows that it consists of a hollow receptacle with a number of achenes on it. 
Where the pericarp is adherent to the testa we have a Caryopsis. This is 
characteristic of the grains of grasses (Gramineae) e.g., of Wheat. (Some authors 
combine achene and caryopsis). 
The Winged Nut (or Winged achene, often called a Key) is one-seeded, and 
has the pericarp enlarged into a more or less membranous rim. Some writers 
include the ' Key " in the Samara. Examples are Ventilago viminalis (" Supple 
Jack"), see Plate 34, Part IX; Elm (Ulmus); Ash (Fraxinus). 
The Samara is that form of winged fruit which when ripe splits into two 
halves, each with a single fruit and each winged half is held together by a thin 
divided stalk. They fall away singly. [It is a form of bipartite schizocarp. See 
below.] Examples are : The Western White wood (Atalaya hemiglauca), see Plate 60 
Part XV of this work; " Boyong " or " Iron wood," a tree of our northern brush 
forests (Tanietia) ; Maple (Acer). 
:.... :.. ' ii ,i cifiH 1 
ii. SCHIZOCABPS OF " SEPARATING FRUITS."- 
The Schizocarp may be regarded as consisting of a number of achenes united 
together. Each of its components (a closed carpel) known as rnericarps, remains 
indehiscent, like an achene, and is distributed with its contained seed. 
Schizocarps are mostly aggregate. 
Examples : Bipartite Schizocarp = diachenium = Cremocarp (Umbelliferae) ; 
Tripartite Schizocarp (Tropceolum) ; Quadripartite Schizocarp (Ajuga) ; Quinque- 
partite Schizocarp (Geranium). 
In such fruits as that of the Mallow (Malva) known to children as " cheeses " 
the schizocarps are many (multipartite). 
