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11. See also C. Abbe, in Maryland Weather Service, Vol. 1, 1899, 267-278. Pro- 
fessor Abbe has prepared a report of great value, published in 1905 (officially known as 
No. 5,119, Sig. 91), on " The Relations between Climates and Crops," dealing with the 
physiological and experimental work which has been carried on in laboratories, and 
also with the results of experience in the open air under natural climatic conditions. 
(c) Hoffman and Ihre, of Giessen, Germany (some of their papers are already 
referred to), wrote " Nature," of 30th March, 1882, giving a list of the " First buds 
open " and " First fruit ripe " observed at Giessen for many years. 
(d) In " Nature " for 13th April, 1882, Mr. J. Edmund Clark has an interesting 
letter on the same subject, containing useful information. 
(e) See also " Instructions for the Observation of Phenological Phenomena," 
published by the Council of the Meteorological Society (of London). Price, 6d. The 
instructions are under the heads of Plants, Insects, and Birds (also first appearance 
of Frog-spawn). " Annual Report on the Phenological Observations." These have 
been conducted for many years by Mr. Edward Mawley, and are published in the 
Quarterly Journal of the Society. England is divided into sections bearing the letters 
A, C, E, D, F, I (includes part of Scotland), Scotland H, J, K, and Ireland B, G. There 
were 106 observers, scattered over the three kingdoms, in 1906. Discussion of the 
tabulation of the result is most interesting, and an abridgment is published. 
(/) " A Simple Method of Taking Phenological Observations," by Edward Mawley. 
Trans. Hertfordshire Nat. Hist. Soc. vi, 117-122 (1892) is a most valuable paper. Mr. 
Mawley's papers in successive vohimes are most valuable. 
We have seen what a hold the study has got in Nova Scotian schools, while Rugby 
School (one of the most celebrated of English schools) takes it up, and the records will 
be found in the School Natural History Journal. The Journals of various County 
Natural History Societies contain such records in England and Scotland, and we also 
find records in Journals published in Belgium, Germany, Holland, Hungary, Italy, 
Poland, Russia and Sweden ; Canada (referred to separately), the United States, the 
Argentine, and doubtless other countries. 
In the Missouri (U.S.A.) Botanic Garden Report for 1894 are Phenological Notes 
for 1892 and 1893, observations having then begun in the arboretum. This paper 
(by J. C. W bitten) has enhanced value, because of the preliminary American biblio- 
graphy. The records of woody plants will most interest my readers. 
" The Phenology of Weeds," by Charlotte M. King (Bulletin No. 4, Iowa 
Geological Survey, pp. 783-90, 1913), may be referred to. The records are given from 
May to November, but no year is mentioned, and the flowering period is alone noted. 
The author says, " The time of bloom is, in each species, related to its definite physio- 
logical constant of warmth, sunshine and moisture. . . . The culturist is greatly 
influenced by considerations of blooming time, seed time, and time of seed germination 
in his efforts to control and exterminate weeds." 
