851 
Livistona. 
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth double, both divided into three parts. Stamens six, filaments 
distinct, dilated below. Ovaries three, cohering within. Stylos connate. Stigma undivided. Berry 
(one maturing) mono.spcrmous. Albumen, with a vcntr.il civity. Embryo dorsal. Frond* pinnate- 
palmatc, segments bifid at the apex .... 
Botanical description. -^Spscies a*.islralis, Mar.ius, Historia Naturalis Palman-m, 
Ui, 241 (1839). 
Stems attaining 40 to 80 foot, 
Leaves in a dense crown, orbicular in circumscription when fully out, 3 to 4 feet diameter, divided 
to the middle or lower down in narrow plicate acuminate lobes, cither entire or two-cleft ut 
the apex. 
Puniclc large, very much branched, quite glabrous, the primary branches thick, often angular 
and usually much curved and flexuose, the ultimate branches or spikes 1 to 3 inches long. 
Spalha at the base of the panicle sheathing with a lanceolate point, G to 10 inches long. 
Floicers not so closely sessile as in L. hnmilis, and not so sinill. Inner perianth about one and a 
half line.i long, the outer fully half as long with very acute lobes. 
Fruit globular, six to nine lines diameter, the pericarp hard and crustaceous when dry. Seed 
globular. (B.F1. vii, 146.) 
Besides these two references we also have : 
A. Wendland and Drude, in their Palm. Austral, in Linncea, xxxix, p. 232, t. 
iii, f. 5 (1875), give the reference " L. australis Martin, I.e., p. 241, cum. tab. Corypha 
australis R. Brown, I.e., p. 123." 
B. Hooker in Bot. Mag., t. 6274 (1877). 
C. 
The specimen figured in the Botanical Magazine was raised at Kew from seeds collected by 
Cunningham probably at lllawarra. Wendland and Drude can surely not have had access to Martius' 
work, for they refer to a plate of L. australis which I cannot find there, besides the mistake they have 
fallen into as to L. inermi*. (Bentham. in B.F1. vii, 147.) 
D. 
The Australian s]>ecie/i oj Livistona. There has been some confusion in gardens with regard to the 
proper application of the names Liviittona auxtrali-s and L. incrmix, and perhaps also L. hnmilis, three species 
described by R. Brown in " Prodromus Flora Novw Hollandiao," p. 267, the first under Corypha. Allan 
Cunningham is credited with having introduced all three of these palms into English gardens as early as 
1824, but it is exceedingly doubtful whether there are, or ever were, more than two Australian species 
of Lieistona in cultivation. It is also probable that his L. iitcrmis and L. hnmilis are states of the same 
specie*, the latter differing only in having more or less prickly petioles. L. faichhardtii of Mueller is also, 
as Sir F. Mueller himself suggests, the same species .... From an examination of Brown's specimens 
and comparisons with his descriptions, however, it is quite clear what palm he int nded by Corypka 
tiiixtrali*. and it may be added that he himself suggested that it might, perhaps, be better placed in the 
genus Ln'intona, to which Martius subsequently referred it. Brown described L. australis as having 
flabellate-palmate that is fan-shaped leaves, and a globose fruit; and L. iitermis and L. humilis as 
having pinnately-palmate leave*. These distinctions are so evident in the cultivated specimensit is 
somewhat surprising that confusion should have arisen. The leaves of the latter are remarkable, in being 
intermediate between the fan and feather forms of structure; and the fruit associated with this type of 
leaf is oblong or ovoid. LimttOM (Htxlrali* appears to have been the only rtne of the three that long 
urvivcd th-'ir introduction kv Cunningham -or, at least, the only one that grew to a large siw at Kew. 
