424 
1907. Julius, G. A. " The economic use of Australian hardwoods." A paper 
read before the Western Australian Institute of Architects, Perth, 20th July, 1907. 
8vo., p. 69. Profusely illustrated, and embodies the results of many physical tests 
by the author. 
1908. Julius, G. A. (a) " Western Australian Timber Tests, 1906 : The 
physical characteristics of the hardwoods of Western Australia." Fcp., 74 plates, 2nd 
edition, 1908. 
(6) A Supplement, with twenty-one plates, containing the 1907 tests, was also 
published. 2nd edition, 1908. 
(c) Then we have, by the same author, " Notes re timbers of Western Australia, 
suitable for Railways, Engineering Works and constructional purposes generally," 
with a number of excellent photo, illustrations and a map. The brief descriptions 
of the "principal trees and timbers" given at p. 6, refer to Jarrah, Karri, Tuart, 
Blackbutt, Wandoo, York Gum, Red Gum. (In addition, Yate, Salmon Gum and 
Morrell, together with five non-Eucalypts, were dealt with in the original work.) 
Under (a), p. 6, we have " To satisfactorily determine the ' strength ' both 
' ultimate ' and ' within the elastic limit ' of the various timbers of the State, the 
following tests were conducted : 
' 1. Tests in cross-bending, the timber being used as a beam, supported at the 
ends and loaded centrally. 
"2. Tensile tests. 
" 3. End compression tests, the load being applied ' endwise ' upon specimens of 
various dimensions, the ratios of ' length to breadth.' 
" 4. ' Cross ' compression tests, the load being applied across the fibre of the 
material. 
" 5. Shearing tests along the fibre of the material. 
" 6. ' Hardness ' tests determined by the resistance to penetration, under both, 
' steadily applied ' and ' suddenly imposed ' loads. 
;t 7. Spalling ' tests, which were arranged to record the resistance opposed to 
splitting and crushing under repeated blows ' on end.' 
" In addition to the above, tests were made to ascertain the ' holding power ' 
of the various timbers upon railway ' dog spikes,' both with green and dry timbers, 
with spikes newly driven and with those that had been in place in ' sleepers ' for a 
varying number of years." 
" Chemical tests were also conducted to determine the nature of the sap present 
in the various timbers and its effect upon metals, &c." 
Mr. Julius (1906 (a), p. 24) states that his tests show the extraordinary strength 
of E. cornuta, or Yate. " As a ' sawn ' timber it is probably the strongest in the world, 
being far ahead of the rest of the Australian hardwoods in every variety of tests, and 
