( 30 ) 
Another name is Jfp Tu-pi-pa 
(indigenous Pi-pa or Long pepper,) another 
-kL jJSl -I- Ml Fu-o-tu-lou-teng 
*l7v jiii-* -fsr 114 s ! 
(the character T‘eng means twining shrub, 
the other characters express probably ji 
foreign name.) Another Synonym is 
Fu-liu or ^ Fu-liu-t-eng , about 
the origin of which, Li-shi-chen declares, he 
knows nothing. These names do not resem- 
ble any name given to this by other Asiatic 
people. The Sanscrit name of the Betel- 
plant is, according to the Amerakocha (1. c. 
p. 105) nagaralli , the name of the leaf is 
tambulavalli. The Arabians call it tenbol 
(cf. ibn Batuta 1. c. II 204.)— Bushing (Asien 
II 764-783,) states that at Malabar the 
Betel-leaf is called Wettilei; the Indo-per- 
sian name is pan. Bontius states regarding 
Betel (1. c. p. 90.) “Folia ista quae Malaii 
Sirii vel Sirii-boa vocant, Javani Betel." 
Among the Chinese works quoted in the 
Pen-ts‘ao about the Betel-pepper the Nan- 
fang-ts‘ao &c., (4th century) is the most an- 
cient. The description of the plant, given 
by the Chinese authors of various times is 
the following. The plant climbs like the 
cucumber, the leaf is large, thick, shining 
and of a pungent, aromatic taste. The fruit 
resembles that of the mulberry, but it is of 
a long shape, several inches long. These 
leaves are eaten together with the Pin-lang 
(Areea-nut) and calcined oyster shells. It 
has the property of expelling distemper and 
to make one forget sorrow. In Ssu-chuan 
an inebriating beverage is made from the 
qhr Lou-ye (leaf of the Betel-pepper. 
As regards the native countries of the 
Betel-pepper the Chinese authors notice 
Kiao-chou , Ai-chou (Annarn see the foot 
note above.) An author of the 1 1th century 
states, that the plant grows in Kui-chou 
(Ssii-ch‘uan) in Ling-nan ( Kuang-tung, 
Kuang-si.) According to other authors it is 
also found in Yun-nan. The Pen-ts‘ao, 
states further, that there are several kinds 
of Betel-pepper. The Ch. W. gives (XXV 
p. 45 ) a tolerably good drawing of the 
Chavica Betel under the name of Kii-tsiang 
and represents (XXV 49) the Lou-ye as a 
different climbing plant with large heart- 
shaped leaves. I am not able to state, 
whether the true Betel ( Chavica Betel ) 
thrives in Southern China as the Catholic 
missionaries assert (Grosier la Chine II 525.) 
Bentliam in his Flora Honkongensis mentions 
several species of Chavica, namely Chavica 
sarmentosa (formerly determined as Chavica 
Betel by Seemann,) found also in Java, Bor- 
neo, Xew Guinea, and adds, that, besides the 
shape of the leaves, this is at once known 
from the Chavica Betel by its remarkably 
short spikes. Is this the Betel used by the 
Chinese for Betel chewing? 
Crawfurd (History of the Indian Archipel- 
ago) is of opinion, that the use of Betel as 
a masticatory, originated in the Sunda islands, 
and has spread from thence to the Asiatic 
continent. The antiquity of the use of 
Betel among the nations of Southern Asia 
can not be determined with certainty. The 
Persian historiographer Ferishta states, that 
about 600 A. D. in Kanyakuhja , the capital 
of the Duab (Northern India) there were 
30,000 shops, which sold the Betel-leaf (pan) 
Cf. Ritter, ’s Asia IV I. p. 859. Ibn Batuta , 
an Arabian traveller, who visited Hindostan 
in the 14th century, describes the process of 
Betel chewing there (1. c. II. 204). He calls 
the Betel-leaf Tenbol. The names Arab a and 
Betel, generally used by European writers to 
designate the nut and the leaf, were introduced 
by Pigafetto, the companion of Magelhan, 
the circumnavigator of the globe, 1519-22. 
Pigafetto states (Sprengel 1. c. IV. 53.); 
“ the inhabitants of the Messana island 
(Philippines) cut a pearlike fruit, which they 
call Areca into four pieces and roll them up 
with a Laurel-like leaf called Bettre. This 
is chewed by them & c.” 
The Betel is now-a-days much used as a 
masticatory in the Southern provinces of 
China. Even at Peking the Areea-nut is 
well known and sold everywhere in the streets. 
But as the Betel-leaf used for chewing must be 
in a fresh state, the Chinese in the Northern 
provinces restrict themselves to eating the 
Betelnut alone. The practice of Betel chew- 
ing was not known by the Chinese in ancient 
times, at least it is not mentioned by the 
writers of the Han dynasties. But in the 
History of the Post-Han (25-221. A. D.) 
mention is made of very distant islands, 
inhabited by the i^Hei-chi (blacktooth- 
ed men). This seems to be an allusion to 
the nations, which chew Betel (Cf. my article 
Fu-sang, Chinese Recorder III. p. 114). 
The Long pepper , Chavica Roxburghii, is 
also mentioned in Chinese books. The Pen- 
ts‘ao describes it very correctly (XIV. 44) 
under the name of JpL Pi-pa. There it 
is said, that Pi-pa is a foreign name. A writer 
of the 8th century states, that the name 
of the plant in the Kingdom of ||| -^f|| 
Mo-hia- to (the ancient M aghada in the present 
province of Bengal) is j|g| Pi-pa-li , 
" Mst “ H IS it is called [Sf 
sp[ pt* A-li-ho-to, Pi-pa-li is the Sanscrit 
