( 16 ) 
XXYI 21) to have been introduced from 
Western Asia, whilst the smaller sort seems 
to be indigenous. The character Suan oc- 
curs in the Kh-ya. It can therefore be 
assumed, that the Chinese from remote times 
stunk of G-arlic as now a days. In Western 
Asia also, the Garlic is one of the indispens- 
able vegetables among all classes of the 
people. 
The Pen-ts‘ao states also (XXII 1) that 
the Sesamum orientale HI Hu-ma * 
was brought by Chang-kien from la-wan 
(Kokand). But there is here a contradic- 
tion, for ’ Li-shi-chen believes, that the 
|Ef Ku-sheng , mentioned in the materia 
medica of the Emperor, Shen-nung is the same 
plant as Hu-ma. Synonyms. are yjjj Hjl 
Yu-ma , (Yu=oil) on account of the oil ob- 
tained from the seeds and used for food, 
but the common name of Sesam in China is 
Pp jjjp| Chi-ma (the first character denotes 
properly a mushroom). A drawing of the 
Sesam is found in the Ch. W • I. p- h The 
seeds and the oil of Sesam are as largely 
used for food in Western Asia as in China. 
The Persian name is hundshut. 
The Chinese authors mention also some 
trees as being introduced into Chinese by 
Chang-lcien. 
The Hu-tao, or ^ Hn-tao 
(nut-peach (P. XXX 45.) Ch. W. XXXI.) 
was brought from Kiang-hu. Kiang 
was at the time of the Han dynasty the name 
for Thibet. Hu-tao is the Walnut-tree , 
Julians regia. Li-shi-chen gives the Sanscrit 
name as j||| Po-lo-shi. 
The Pomegranate , Punica granatum, -/I- 
Eg (P. XXX 22. Ch. W. XXXII.) 
was got from Western Asia. Li-shi-chen 
explains, that the name An-shi-lm is derived 
from the two countries An and Shi. Both 
were, at the time of Chang- iien, little realms 
dependent on )||^ Kang (Samarcand). The 
character Liu is derived from AY Chui- 
liu (Chui-liu denotes goitre, and the pome- 
granate resembles the goitre.) Hoffmann 
and Schultes (1. c.) state, that the pomegran- 
ate was brought to China from India. 
It has been contested by Mr. Sampson 
(Notes and Queries III p. 50) that the Vine 
* In Northern China the name Hu-ma, however, 
is applied to the Lin, Linum usitatiss imum, which is 
cultivated in Shan-si and on the borders of Mongolia. 
Its introduction must be of more recent date, for the 
PSn-ts‘ao does not speak of it. But in the Ch. W. II. 
p. 31 is a fine representation of the Lin, therein called 
Shansi Hu-ma. 
P'-u-t l ao, was first introduced into 
China by Chang-kien from Western Asia, as 
the Chinese authors state ( P. XXXI11 7, 
Ch. W. XXXII. ) Mr. Sampson quotes 
from the Pen-ts‘ao, which speaks of wild 
vine , growing in Shan-si. In fact Li-shi- 
chen describes such a plant under the name 
of ||t JJ| Yiny-yii or gj* |f|j ^ Ye- 
p i u-t i ao. But, I think we cannot, in every 
case, take a la lettre the character Ye, for 
the Chinese like much to set before the name 
of a cultivated plant the character Ye or 
j f | Shan (both denoting wild growing) in 
order to designate wild plants, which have , 
some resemblance with the cultivated. In 
Peking a species of Ampelopsis is called Ye- 
p'-u-t'-ao. It is however very likely, that a 
wild growing vine exists in Northern China, 
but it cannot be proved, that the cultivated 
vine descends from it, and it is very dubious, 
whether it would be suitable for culture! 
We have therefore no ground to call in. 
question the statements of the ancient Chi- 
nese, that the excellent vine, now growing’ 
plentifully in the whole of Northern China! 
was introduced from Western Asia, which is 
considered as the native country of our cul- 
tivated vine. Li-shi-chen, however, ob- 
serves, that the vine was known by the Chi- 
nese before the time of Chang-kien, for it is 
mentioned in the materia medica of Emperor' 
Shen-nung, and adds, that before the Han 
dynasty ||| (Kj Lung-si was known as a 
grape-growing country, but it was not in- 
troduced into China before 122 B. C. Be- 
fore the time of the Han, Lung-si (in the- 
province of Kan-su) did not belong to China. 
Besides these cultivated plants introduced 
by Chang-kien, I will give a further list of 
plants brought from foreign countries to. 
China, according to the Pen-ts‘ao. 
The common Pea (Pisum sativum,) 
jF£ Wan-tou ( P . XXIV 18., a fine drawl 
ing in the Ch. IV. II.) The Synonyms, as 
given in the Pen-t3‘ao, [eJ |e| Hui- 
hui-tou (Mohamedan pulse), Jung - 
sliu (Western barbarian pulse) indicate a 
foreign origin. Li-shi-chen states, that the 
pea was introduced from j)Lj Si-hu 
(Western Asia.) In Bridgman’s Chrestom- 
athy p. 449 pea is called |||j )pf Ho- 
lan-tou (Dutch pulse.) At Peking peas are 
not much cultivated. 
The Spinage , Spinaeia oleracea, 
Po-ling , Po-tsdd (the common name 
