K) 
3. 
Lo-ts l ai, vegetables pro- 
ducing fruits on the ground. Brinjal, La- 
: genaria, Benincasa cerifera, Trichosanthes 
anguinea, Momordica Charantia, Gourds. — 12 
species. 
Shui-ts l ai, aquatic veget- 
ables. Fuci, Algae &c. — 6 species. 
Chi-rh. Mushrooms. — 31 
s 
5. 
species. 
IV. 
-j^ Kwo-pu. 
Fruits. 
i- 31 
Wu-kwo, the five fruits, cul- 
tivated or garden fruits.' Different sort of 
Plums, Apricot, Peach, Chestnut, Jujube, 
Shorea robusta. — 16 species. 
2. jjj Shnn-kuo , wild or moun- 
tain fruits. Pear, Apple, Quince, Crataegus 
pinnatifida, Diospvrus Kaki, various kinds 
Oranges, Lemon, Tampelmoose, Medlar, 
Myrica sapida, Cherry, Salisburia adiantifolia, 
Hazelnut, Oaks, Pomegranate, Walnut. — 36 
species. 
3. I-kuo , foreign fruits.* Xeph- 
elium Litchi, X. Longan, Canarium album, 
C. pimela, Xanthoceras sorbifolia, Hovenia 
dulcis, Fig, Glyptostrobus lieterophyllus, 
Torreya nucifera, Averrhoa Carambola, vari- 
ous Palms, Phoenix dactylifera, Areca Cat- 
chu, Cocoanut, Jackfruit. — 40 species. 
4 - e* Wei- lei, aromatics. Vari- 
ous species of Xanthoxylon, Pepper, Cubebs, 
Hhus semialata, Thea Chinensis. — 17 species. 
5. Lo-lci, plants producing their 
fruit on the ground. Melons, Water Melon, 
Grapes, Sugar cane. — 10 species. 
«• * Ji Shui-kuo , aquatic fruits. 
Nelumbium speciosum, Euryale ferox, Sagit- 
taria, Trapa bicornis, Scirpus tuberosus. — 6 
species. 
7. Fruits not used in medicine. — Spon- 
dias, Cookia punctata. — 22 species. 
V. Mu-pu. Trees. 
Siang-mu , odoriferous woods. 
Thuja. Pine, Cuuningkainia, Cassia, Magno- 
lia, Aloexylon, Cloves, Myrrh, Sandalwood, 
Camphor, Borneo Camphor, Liquidambar, 
Benjamin, Dragon’s blood, Assafoetida, Oli- 
banum, Sticklack. — 41 species. 
* It is singular, that Li-shi-chen entitles this chap- 
ter foreign fruits. Although there some foreign 
fruits are treated of, as the Date palm, the Jack- ; 
fruit etc. most of the described fruits, however are, I 
without any doubt, indigenous in Cliina, grow ; 
exclusively iu China and are not found elsewhere, j 
2 - # Kiao-rnu , tall stemmed trees. 
Varnish tree, 'Fallow tree, Eroton, Elaeocoe- 
ca verucosa, Sterculia, Ailantlius glandulosa, 
Cedrela sinensis, Sapindus, Pterocarpus fla- 
vus, Abrus precatorius, Melia azedarach, 
Sop bora japonica, Gleditsliia sinensis, Dios- 
pyrus ebenus, Rosewood, Acacia Julibrissiiy 
Catalpa, Chamaerops Fortuni, Tamarix, Po- 
pulus, Ulmus, Salix. — 60 species. 
3. IS* Kuan-mu , luxuriant growing 
trees. Mulberry, Broussonetia papvrifera, 
Gardenia florida, Ligustrum, Lycium Chi- 
nense, Chimonantlms fragrans, Hibiscus syr- 
lacus, H. Rosa sinensis, 
Cercis sinensis, Camellia.- 
Cotton, Bombax, 
53 species. 
4. Yu-mu, parasitic plants. Pach- 
vma, Viscum. — 13 species. 
5. Pao-m-u , flexible plants. Bam- 
boo-species.— 4 species. 
6. Miscellaneous species. — 27. 
The Pen-ts‘ao describes in all 1195 plants. 
Dr. Williams (Middle Kingdom) counts only 
1094 plants. But he over-looked the nu- 
merous additions, which are not mentioned in 
the index. 
The Pcn-ts‘ao-kang-mu, beino; originally 
a materia medica, the plants described are 
properly only medicinal plants. But as the 
Chinese use almost every plant known to 
to them, as medicine, the Pen-ts‘ao gives a 
complete record of the botany of the Chi- 
nese. 
It is well known by all who have read 
Chinese books, how indistinctly they are 
written for the most part, and how confused- 
ly separate and single ideas are thrown to- 
gether. The Chinese are in complete ignor- 
ance of our system of punctuation. Few 
breaks are to be met with indicating the be- 
ginning of a new subject. Very often in a 
whole chapter, treating of several different 
things, no break can be found. This does 
not trouble the Chinese, for they pretend 
only to understand the single sentences. 
They are neither struck by an illogical com- 
bination of the sentences in their writings 
nor by contradictions. This reproach, how- 
ever, falls least heavily upon the Pen-ts‘ao, 
which can be consulted more easily than the 
other Chinese botanical works. 
The Pun-ts‘ao in treating of the several 
kinds of plants, animals, stones &c., follows 
in every case the same system. All the 
names of the natural objects described are 
written in large characters, the names of the 
authors or books are for the most part in 
brackets. Each article is divided into para- 
graphs. The first contains the name and 
the synonyms of the plant, the second, 
