Ward . — Recent Researches on the Parasitism of Fungi . 5 
The Uredineae, a special subject of De Bary’s, come in for exhaustive 
treatment; his further researches on Witches’ Brooms (15), 1867, and Aecidium 
abietinum (12), 1879, as well as investigations by Schroter (154), 1869-75, 
Wolff on Aecidium (. Peridermium ) Pini (203), 1876, and others, having 
yielded several other cases of heteroecism as well as materials for more 
definite lines of classification. 
Then follows an excellent discussion of that difficult and enormous 
group, the Basidiomycetes, the materials for which were still chiefly 
anatomical. Although Hesse (83) had succeeded in germinating the spores 
of Cyathus in 1876, and Eidam (59) those of other Nidularieae in the same 
year, and Woronin (207) had traced the whole life history of Exobasidium in 
1867, and although a considerable amount of developmental work had been 
done by Brefeld (36) on Coprinus in 1879, and on Agaricus melleus (78) by 
Hartig in 1874, nevertheless the materials for full treatment were scanty; 
and De Bary’s comparison of the teleutospores of the tremelloid Uredineae 
with the basidiospores of the Tremellineae proper — a comparison which 
bore abundant fruit later at the hands of Brefeld — as well as his able 
comparative treatment of the Gastromycetes, are evidence of the keen 
morphological insight he possessed. 
Bacteriology. 
Ehrenberg (58) in 1838 described a considerable number of minute 
motile organisms which he regarded as animalcules and called Vibrionia , 
some of which had been observed as long ago as 1683 by Leeuwenhoek 
(103), and again by Muller (114), who classified them in 1786 under the 
names Vibrio , Spirillum , and Bacillus . Further attention was devoted to 
these apparently unimportant, though interesting living particles by 
Dujardin (57) in 1841, and by Perty (127) in 1853 ; and it was about this 
period that the attention of microscopists was first attracted to the organisms 
in drinking water as possibly having something to do with an epidemic of 
cholera ; indeed, the suspicion gained ground that the micro-organisms of 
sewage-contamination, &c., were of vital importance from the sanitary point 
of view. Hassal (80), in 1850, gave an account of these organisms in London 
water, and in 1852 and 1866 Cohn (42) made a very thorough and, for 
the period, wonderfully exhaustive investigation of certain of these 
organisms, thus starting a subject which soon grew into a special study. 
Meanwhile, Pasteur (124) had published the results of his investigations 
on lactic, butyric, and other fermentations; and in 1866, as we have seen, 
De Bary’s classical Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze (10) appeared, 
in which he was able to summarize what was then known of the ferment 
and putrefactive organisms, as well as his own discoveries on the parasitism 
of Fungi, in which he had definitely demonstrated the fact of infection 
