4 Ward . — Recent Researches on the Parasitism of Fungi . 
4 Neue Untersuchungen liber die Uredineen,’ &c. (9), in the Ber. d. Berl. Akad., 
1 865, and referred to in the present book in a modest paragraph on p. 221. 
The germ of yet another discovery, destined like the last-named to 
have extensive consequences, first saw the light on p. 291 of this remarkable 
book, namely, the view that Lichens are not autonomous plants, but consist 
of a Fungus and an Alga associated in a peculiar way and living a life in 
common. It is true that this idea was only generalized, so as to include all 
Lichens, two years later, in 1868, by Schwendener (160), and did not 
emerge triumphantly from the storm of controversy which it evoked until 
considerably later, after Bornet (32), Famintzin and Baranetzki (68), 1867 
and 1868, Treub (171), 1873, an< ^ Stahl (166), 1 877, and others had isolated 
and cultivated the gonidia, and synthetically reproduced a Lichen by allow- 
ing the Alga and Fungus to come together ; and after De Bary in 1879 had 
himself definitely launched the doctrine of symbiosis (17), and strengthened 
his argument by numerous other cases. 
Enough has now been said to show you how firmly established are the 
claims of De Bary’s classical book to fame, and I pass to a short review 
of some of the chief fruits of his inspiration. 
A rapid development of the new mycology, founded on the rigid 
application of the study of development of Fungi, at once followed. De 
Bary himself, and his collaborator Woronin, produced a rich harvest of 
discoveries published in their Beitrage zur Morphologie und Physiologie der 
Pilze (18), begun in 1864; and in 1884 we had from the hands of the 
master the Comparative Morphologie und Biologie der Pilze, &c. (67), in 
which he developed his ideas on the great series of Ascomycetes and their 
allies, on the one hand, and of the Basidiomycetes and certain smaller 
groups on the other. These were based on his comprehensive account of 
Pythium and the Peronosporeae in the Beitrage (18) for 1881, and in the 
Botanische Zeitung (21) of the same year, where he established the doctrine 
of gradual inception and accomplishment of apogamy — -the abandonment 
of the sexual process — in the group. The researches of Pringsheim on 
Achlya (138), 1882; ofVanTieghem (167), Bainier (1), and Le Monnier, 
in 1873-5 and 1883 ; and of Nowakowski (122), and Schroter on Chytri- 
diaceae (159), 1876-8, and others also furnished materials for a compre- 
hensive survey of the Phycomycetes as a whole, and from this date onwards 
the definite establishment of this alliance of Fungi was assured. 
In the Ascomycetes proper, De Bary’s celebrated contention for 
sexuality was argued at length, on data derived from his own work (6) on 
Eurotium and Erysiphe , &c., in 1870, and from numerous papers by his 
pupils and others, among which those of Van Tieghem (169), 1875-7, of 
Kihlmann on Pyronema (89), 1883, and of Janczewski on Ascobolus (88), 
1871, are important. The extraordinary pleomorphism of the group is 
also set forth in considerable detail. 
