2 Ward . — Recent Researches on the Parasitism of Fungi . 
dimensions, with libraries and laboratories of its own, was possible until 
they were securely laid, as the following historical sketch will show. 
Mycology. 
Prior to the publication, in 1857, of Berkeley’s Introduction to Crypto- 
gamic Botany (28), which we may regard as the last important pre- 
Darwinian work on Fungi, comparatively little had been done with these 
plants beyond collection and classification — into the service of which figures 
of extraordinary merit had been pressed — and what system existed was 
rapidly degenerating into chaos. 
But much of the little that had been done was good. Stimulated by 
the activity in other departments of microscopy, and by the rapid improve- 
ments made in optical appliances, as also by the increasing conviction that 
the history of development alone could save the situation, numerous obser- 
vations on the mycelia, sclerotia, sporophores, and fructifications of both 
lower and higher Fungi were being made by workers of the stamp of 
Corda (50), Henfrey (82), Berkeley (28), Leveille (104), Bonorden (31), and 
others, including Sachs, in his early paper on Crucibulum (148), in 1855. 
Then came the immediate and rapid crisis which culminated in the 
revolution for mycology, as for other branches of cryptogamic botany, in 
the publication of De Bary’s Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze, 
Flechten und Myxomyceten (7), in 1866. 
Among the pre-Darwinian works it is impossible to overlook Tulasne’s 
papers in the Annales des Sci. nat. on Elaphomyces (177), 1841, Sclero- 
derma (179), Polysaccum and Geaster (181), 184a, on Onygena (182), and on 
Nididaria (183), 1844, Secotium (178), 1845, various Lichens (180), in 
1851-3, and especially the papers on Ergot (176), and on Uredineae, 
Ustigalineae (184), and Tremellini (174), in 1847, 1853, and 1854; leading 
to the Fungi Hypogeai (175), in 1851, and culminating, in 1861-5, in the 
Selecta Fungorum Carpologia (173), works of supreme beauty and undying 
reputation. With some exceptions, chiefly concerned with the germination 
of spores, the work of the Tulasnes was still anatomical, however, and it 
must never be forgotten that the methods of anatomy and comparative 
morphology alone are not sufficient for the elucidation of the life-history 
of small organisms. Striking as many of Tulasne’s conclusions were, and 
especially in the later works in which much was done to establish the 
polymorphism of the Fungi, it can never be overlooked that the mere juxta- 
position of two forms of Fungi growing together may readily lead to, and 
often did lead to error. 
The clear recognition of this, and the stricter adherence to the method 
of continuous observation under the microscope, checked by experimental 
work, are the characteristics by which the three greatest men in this con- 
nexion are to be marked — viz. Cohn, Pringsheim, and especially De Bary. 
