io Brannon . — The Structure and Development of 
Germination of Spores. 
The carpospores and tetraspores having been separated in 
the manner above mentioned, experiments in germination 
were undertaken without possibility of confusing the respective 
action. 
Because of Protozoa and minute Crustaceans, which greedily 
devoured the growing spores, great difficulty was experienced 
in the observation of their development. Immunity from 
these creatures was obtained by using water which had been 
kept for an hour at a temperature of 95° C., so as to secure 
a high temperature with but little evaporation, and thus to 
prevent a larger percentage of salt than is present in normal 
sea- water. Had water containing an excess of salt been 
used, it would have proved, according to Oltmann’s experi- 
ments, destructive to germination. 
After the water had cooled sufficiently, it was slowly 
filtered through a sand and cotton filter, an operation which 
secured a twofold object — removal of foreign bodies, and 
thorough aeration. Following these methods, the germination 
of carpospores and tetraspores gave very satisfactory results. 
In the beginning of the process of germination, the gelatinous 
envelope, which upon application of chlor-iodide of zinc 
gives a cellulose-reaction, is secreted, and is arranged in two 
to three concentric layers about the carpospores (Fig. 5 b, cf ) ; 
while the single layer which surrounds the tetraspores is 
comparatively thin and homogeneous. With subsequent 
imbition of water the spores swell and become lighter- 
coloured, the form also changing from elliptical to egg- or 
oval-shape (Figs. 4 a, b ; 5 £, c, d). Cell-division first makes 
itself manifest by transverse fission at the apical end, from 
twenty-four to thirty-six hours after the spores are deposited, 
a process which is usually repeated at corresponding intervals, 
giving rise to a filament of from three to five cells. While 
this filamentous growth is taking place at the apical end, 
simultaneous or closely succeeding development begins at 
the basal portion of the spore (Fig. 6 b, b ') ; and after the 
